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Emotions are defined as patterns of chemical and neural responses. Their function of is to assist you in maintaining life by prompting adaptive behaviors. They are due to the activation of a set of brain structures. The emotions are biologically determined, stereotypical, and automatic, although culture and individual experiences may influence them as well and can modify expressions. Damasio distinguishes six primary or universal emotions happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, which are based on universal facial expressions. He also defined other secondary and social emotions such as embarrassment, jealousy, guilt and pride, well-being, malaise, calmness, tension, fatigue, energetic, anticipation, and dread. Emotions are a set of complex states involving affect, desire, and action based on neural mechanisms. Evolution of these mechanisms for emotion gives way to the theory that emotion leads to consciousness.
There are rather well defined brain regions responsible for emotion. This relates directly with the idea that consciousness exhibits a phylogenetic continuity. The brain stem is involved in virtually all of the areas related to emotion including the hypothalamus and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which are responsible for sadness, the amygdala, which is mainly responsible for fear and for the recognition of fearful expression. Also the anterior cingulate cortex is regarded by Damasio as the most important region among those that make consciousness possible.
Emotions are not easily described, because of the simultaneous activation of several structures and feedback reactions among them. This prevents the process from being straightforward and creates problems for the overall understanding of levels of processing. First an object or situation is either detected and represented by sensory devices or recalled from memory, and these neural patterns activate nuclei in the brain stem, the hypothalamus, and the amygdala. This perhaps is an emotional episode, but it can also be regarded as the first step in a process whose final consequences are, for example, heart-rate alterations, facial expressions, and characteristic behavior. The structures just mentioned release hormones of various kinds in the bloodstream. The same structures also send faster electrochemical signals through neurotransmitters, both to organs such as the adrenal gland, which releases hormones, which in turn reach back to the brain, and directly to other brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the basal ganglia, thus modifying what Damasio calls the cognitive state.
The major theoretical construct of this work suggests that consciousness is caused by emotion. Consciousness and its substrate of subconscious are an emergent fundamental and phenomenal effect of the evolution of neural mechanisms that enable cognition and language. It is based on preceding subjective emotional experiences and the evolution of their communicative expressions.
We have the feeling that we are today the same person as yesterday we were and tomorrow we shall be. Only what does it mean to be the same person? When we go to sleep, for example, our consciousness is "switched off for a certain amount of time. How do we know it is ``the same when we wake up again? The fact is-it is not the same. The emotions we experience day to day are ever evolving our conscious state as well as the fact that our brains have a phylogenetic continuity. They have developed as an evolutionary response to meet some challenges of some relevant aspects of the environment in which we find ourselves. This phyletic development is an avenue leading to the solution of long-term (survival) problems of the human race. Consciousness is adaptive and ever evolving due to brain structures that cause emotions.
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