Locomotion: Structure related to function

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Biology

Structure is related to function

Name Brodie Kenyon

Teacher Mrs. Firth

Custom writing offers papers on Locomotion: Structure related to function

Due Date 4th March

Table of Contents

Page 1 - Title Page

Page - Table of Contents

Page - Sketching Toad

Page 4 - Fish

Page 5 - Bird

Page 6 - Cat

Page 7 - Lizard

Page 8 - Dog

Page - Introduction

Page - Adaptations of Skeletal Structure

Page - Class locomotion Compare and Contrast

Page 1 - Conclusion

Page 14 - Bibliography

Adaptations of Skeletal Structure

Skeletal structure differs for the locomotion of all species. Locomotion refers to the movement of an animal from one place to another4, many reasons for locomotion include searching for food, escape from predators, find a mate or in search for better living conditions. Many modes of locomotion include burrowing to swimming into large depths of water or from air to water and vice versa. All forms of locomotion require exertions of energy and force on their surrounding environment, using both muscular and non-muscular movements. Adaptations in joints and bone structure enable each species to migrate from positions in any way that they need to.

Joints and structure adaptations in class Aves (bird) are important for their locomotion. Birds are well adapted and suited for aerial mode of life that their whole organization and body structure is based on this mechanism. Since flight imposes a large surface weight ratio, birds are commonly small compared to other mammals. This short body creates less surface area for gravity to pull them down to surface. Birds bodies are small and have large amount of feathers upon its body, which are used for heat insulation and flight. There are different kinds of feathers on different parts of the body, meant for different functions. The alteration of forelimb to wing is the most important adaptation to flight. There are two free carpals; and the rest of the wrist is made of three metacarpals, the rather large pectoral muscles, making a larger part of the weight of the body produces the active movements of aerial locomotion. The muscle in the arm itself serves to extend the whole wing and to change the positions of the parts which assist with the aerodynamics and powered flight of the bird. The larger the bird, the more force which needs to be generated to maintain its flight pattern which is why most birds are short, light skeletal structural adaptations and aerodynamic posture. Gliding flight is economical in energetic terms as to powerful flapping flight. Aerofoil is also used to generate lift in all type of flight the size and shape of the orientation of the aerofoil determines the flight performance.

Most characteristic adaptations occur in the skeleton. Bones are light, and most of the birds have extensions of the air sacs. Sternum contains a large keel for the connection of muscles, the final tail vertebrae is merged. By the presence of the keel, with its muscles, the centre of gravity is below the centre of pressure, giving great stability. The joints of the vertebral column are compacted so that there is only movement in the cervical region. Limbs and girdles are also altered and great fusion of bones takes place. The neck is stretched and highly mobile. The trunk is plump, boat-shaped and is the larger part of the body. They have two pairs of limbs which are against the trunk when the animal is not flying. As shown in fig 1 each wing shows three typical divisions as do most animals upper arm, forearm and hand.

The shape of the wings and evolution of the muscles depend on the type of the flight that they wish to endure. The hind limbs are placed in a position that they can carry the entire body weight when they are on the ground.

Class Mammalian involves a less technical procedure for locomotion throughout their environment. Mammals are vertebrates by definition, this means that all mammals have an internal bony support structure to which muscles and ligaments are attached4. With basic joint and bone structure enables basic movement against the force of gravity. With mammals travelling on the surface of Earth a majority of the weight is transferred directly onto the surface. The main structure of the locomotion for mammals is the pelvic girdle. With both limbs departing from this structure, it becomes valuable for the precise movement of both limbs. Mammals consist of a head at one end of a vertebral column from which extend ribs to support the working organs and four limbs for locomotion. The vertebral column ends in a tail but the huge range of lifestyles and habitats utilised by mammals means that a great deal of variety exists between different groups. Some species lack a tail, others lack apparent hind limbs and the skull is very variable7. The skull in early stages consists of a very cartilagous structure, containing minimal bone, but as the body develops so does the bone structure throughout the body.

Amphibian locomotion differs as they are in both water and land, the skeleton design is highly specialised. Amphibians contain short, barely flexible vertebral column. Particularly the toad contains an unusual wishbone shaped pelvic girdle. The hind limb, proximal pair of ankle bones are separate and elongated5. Therefore different amphibian species migrate in varied ways. The main action for locomotion is the bending of the elbow1. The toad transfers positions using mainly strong, flexibly hind limbs, with a great outreach and forceful propulsion on the surface. With great movement in all pelvis region, knees and especially ankle region shows that they are able to conduct swimming locomotion as well as land.

Class Osteichthyes (Fish) skeletal structure differs throughout their species and are present in many varying forms all over the world. The main difference between shapes of individual species would firstly concern the need for them to travel through a resistant fluid with varying densities, pressures and drags. With a combination of these problems each species has developed, sometimes radically, different body profiles, many have developed torpedo shaped bodies to counteract the drag and glide through the water5. The caudal fin is probably the most important attachment used for acceleration as it whips through the water generating acceleration throughout their environment. Sideways curvature in the spine moves in a posterior direction to ensure basic direction and adaptation to their swimming environment. The swimming procedure starts with lateral displacement of head, and then passage of this displacement along the body axis to the tail1, similar to peristalsis motion to force the structure through using energy powering force. This Eel-like swimming characteristic is more energy efficient than power stroking using fins.

The lizard (Reptilia) is evolved from the class amphibian. With very fast rear limb movements, requires the lizard to have full mobility at the knees8. These very fast land animals have a basic locomotive structure. When the travel they also use the wave like motion similar to a fish, which enables them to be aerodynamic and not exert as much energy to move. With a lateral flexible spine allows side movement similar to the fish. They contain fine bones underneath the mandible so when they flare the frill neck is at a constant output8. Locomotion is common with these animals so adaptations are similar with all species.

The dog (Canis familiaris) and the cat (Felis silvestris) are both mammals, but even though they seem so similar there are varying differences in locomotion structure and skeleton structure. The movements in the neck are slightly limited to the dog when compared to the cat. Many differences which can be identified are that cats have a more curved and flexible spine. The have a longer tail and typically smaller animal. The body structures are typically the same, only differs slightly in the limb structure. Cats are particularly flexible; this is due to the structure of their body. Cats have 0 spinal vertebrae which extends all the way to the tip of the tail. This is 5 more than is found in humans, also Scapulae (shoulder bones) which are attached to the sides of the body by muscle, pliable discs of the bone-like substance fibrocartilage, a small floating clavicle attached to the body by muscle and strong hind legs which are longer than the forelegs, this enables them to jump long distances and climb vertical structures.

Locomotion is important in all species whether its for food or defensive actions, Skeletal structure is important to ensure locomotion is accurate in direct and prevent injuries. Basically skeletal structure is the bony section of the body and holds everything together. Without locomotion and moving parts, species would be still and not able to move. Skeletal structure even helps stimulate breathing by putting pressure on the lungs. Locomotion is important in everyday life for interaction feeding and daily habits. The design of locomotive structure determines the energy exertion amount and preserves energy for other activities. Finally adaptations in joints and bone structure enables each specific species to migrate from positions in any way they require to and live as modern day vertebrates.

1.Alexander, R. McN. "Size, speed, and buoyancy adaptations in aquatic animals". Am. Zool. 0 (18)

.Brown, R. H. J. (16). "The flight of birds". Biol. Rev. 8

.Cambell, Mitchell and Reece "Biology Concepts & Connections, nd Edition" Addison Wesley Lonmgman Inc. (17), Lisa Moller

4.Knox, Ladgies, Evans and Saint "Biology nd Edition" McGraw-Hill Companies (001) Australia, NSW

5.M.J Lighthill "Hydromechanics of Aquatic Animal Propulsion" Ann. Rev Fluid. Mech. Vol 1 (16)

6.http//www.boneroom.com/bone/animalskel.html 5/0/0

7.http//www.ece.eps.hw.ac.uk/Research/oceans/people/Michael_Sfakiotakis/IEEEJOE_.pdf (1) 1/0/0

8.http//www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/reptiles/lizard/Lizardprintout.shtml (00) 0/0/0

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Magic Realism in Eva Luna

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Magic realism is a description of a certain sub genre that combines realism with fantastic and dreamlike elements. This term may be thought as a paradox- magic is not real- but such novels do not create a new world such as fantasy novels do, but suggest that the world is filled with secrets. These magical elements are not questioned and are simply apart of that reality. The mysterious, the beautiful and the amazing are expressed as magical, and perhaps are magical to the human perception of the world. Magic realism and its associated elements and techniques are displayed in Isabel Allendes novel Eva Luna. This novel displays realism alongside magical components that are seen as normal to the characters. It experiments with plot and style, and blurs traditional reactions to subjects. Materials from fairytale-like stories are used, political/social subjects are explored, time is represented as circular, and the paradox of the union of opposites is explored. All these characteristics of magic realism prove Eva Luna to be magic realist literature.

Magic realism uses sharply etched realism in representing ordinary events and descriptive details, according to Abrams Glossary of Literary Terms, and such a feature is displayed in this novel. Realism is where things are portrayed as they actually are, without idealisation, and this can blur the lines between good and bad. They paid little attention to Consuelo, who was growing up scorched by the sun, poorly nourished on yucca and fish, infested with parasites, bitten by mosquitoes, free as a bird. In an ideal world, she would have been clean and healthy, but is portrayed more realistically as dirty and unhealthy, yet still happy and free. A more powerful example of realism in the text is where the new, seemingly true love between Eva and Rolf doesn't last. …we loved each other more modestly until that love wore thin and nothing was left but shreds. It shows a painfully more real ending that most relationships dont last. This feature is expressed throughout the novel, proving the realism part of magic realism.

Magic realism involves the inclusion of fantastic and dreamlike elements in an otherwise realistic plot and setting, and this is found in Eva Luna. It clings to reality, but express the magic in that reality.

When she talked about the past, or told her stories, the room filled with light; the walls dissolved to reveal incredible landscapes, palaces crowded with unimaginable objects, faraway countries… She reduced me [Eva] to the size of an ant so I could experience the universe form that smallness; she gave me wings to see it from the heavens.

Custom writing offers papers on Magic Realism in Eva Luna

The fantastic elements have an escapism effect, where you are taken to a new world with new rules and amazing features, but these elements stay close to reality. Consuelo simply tells stories that are transformed into breathtaking adventures through the imagination, but interpreting it on such a level is not necessary- we feel like Eva actually does travel across landscapes and is transformed into animals. This is perhaps the most obvious clue that this novel is magic realism.

The magic is part of the atmosphere of the setting in magic realist novels, and is an important aspect of it. The setting for the beginning of Eva Luna is a missionary surrounded by tropical jungle. It is a real setting, but a magical dimension is added to it. …on piles driven into the mud of a river of opalescent waters whose banks evaporated in the reverberating light. The dwellings seemed to drift amid silent canoes, garbage, carcasses of dogs and rats, and inexplicable white blossoms. Evocative words like opalescent and reverberating light create the image of sunlight sparkling on top of clear water, reflecting everywhere. It is a fantastic and amazing scene that could be described as magical. The second sentence adds a different atmosphere, describing garbage and carcasses, but strangely there are beautiful flowers growing amidst this. Beautiful life is able to prosper in filth, expressing the magic in reality. The use of setting in this novel portrays it as magic realism.

The magical elements in magic realist novels are never found to be strange by the characters, they are simply apart of the world, and this is true for Eva Luna. Magic realism aims to show something common or daily in something unreal or strange.

…and the Palace of the Poor, which for thirty seconds materialised like a hallucination at one side of the road…; Someone [had] ordered the guardia to remove the interlopers, with firearms if necessary, but the officials became lost along the way. They could not evict the occupants because the palace and everything inside had become invisible to the human eye; it had entered another dimension where life continued without aggravation.

The Palace of the Poor is casually described as a building that appears and disappears, that it becomes invisible and enters another dimension. These strange, magical elements do not surprise the inhabitants of this world, they are simply there. This proves that this novel can be described as magic realism.

Magic realist novels violate, in various ways, standard novelistic expectations by experimenting with narrative elements and styles of writing, as is done in Eva Luna. The novels plot wonders, going everywhere without a set central conflict and meaning like most novels. There is no main problem, but many that are resolved one after the other. It is more like a journey, containing many highlights and lessons, closer to a fictionalised autobiography than a novel. This experimentation with style and plot is typical of magic realist literature, demonstrating that Eva Luna can be classified under this sub genre.

Magic realist literature can blur traditional distinctions between what is serious or trivial, horrible or ludicrous, tragic or comic, and Allende does this in Eva Luna. One such example is Elviras coffin. She feared a paupers death, that her bones would be tossed into a common grave, and to avoid posthumous humiliation she had bought a coffin on credit, which she kept in her room. Allende uses assonance, describing posthumous humiliation to add humour into a usually serious topic. The idea of keeping ones coffin in the bedroom is very eccentric, blurring the distinction between the serious and humorous. Displaying this feature proves Eva Luna as magic realism.

Texts with magic realism also contain materials derived from myth and fairy tales, and such material is shown in Eva Luna. At the beginning of the novel a quotation from A Thousand and One Tales of the Arabian Nights is cited Then he said to Scheherazade Sister, for the sake of Allah, tell us a story that will help pass the night…. Scheherazade tells a cruel king stories to entertain and distract him from killing in vengeance of his wifes adultery, and succeeds in doing so for a thousand and one nights. This relates to Eva Lunas ability to tell stories. She tells Rolf a story of his past, where all his pains were changed into happiness. By giving Rolf a new life, reshaped to remove his terrible childhood, he is transformed much like the king in A Thousand and One Tales. By containing material from a tale, Eva Luna is further established to be magic realism.

Politics, revolution and social changes are often explored in these novels, and are sometimes used to make political statements. The many descriptions of the political turmoil in Chile are obvious examples of this. The tribal chieftain - motivated to cooperate after the Army had swept through her village leaving a swath of burning huts, gutted animals, and raped girls - had agreed to take the men [guerillas] across the river and lead them through the jungle. Allende describes the cruel and evil actions of the army, positioning the reader to feel anger against the government and righteousness in the guerilla movement. By exploring politics and revolution, her novel fulfils a trend of magic realist literature.

Time is a common subject, which is frequently displayed as cyclical instead of linear, in magic realist novels such as Eva Luna. Characters that Eva meet earlier on in the novel return again near the end. Elvira, Huberto and Melesio/Mimi reappear in such a manner, suggesting the circular, repetitive nature of time. She revisits Riad Halabi after many years of leaving her father figure/lover. He was exactly as I remembered him, not a minute older… I saw a girl [his wife] who was probably no more than fourteen… this man had rejected me because I was too young. Even events for Riad have been re-occurring, now with another young lover. Eva Luna can be defined as magic realism because of this display of circular time.

Magic realism also concentrates on the paradox of the union of opposites, and in Eva Luna the opposites mainly referred to are life and death. This also relates to time travelling in circles, life and death being a continuous cycle. Once such example is when Eva is conceived when her father was about to die. …soon he tumbled her over and embraced her with the urgency dictated by the proximity of death… And that is how I was conceived, on my fathers deathbed. The close relationship between life and death is examined, as when death comes, it is necessary for us to reproduce and achieve a form of immortality. Another union of these two opposites is when Elvira is saved by her coffin, using it as a raft during a flood. Imagine…all that sleeping in the box so that when death came for me, Id be ready, and then what came for me was life.… The coffin had saved her life. The paradox of being saved by an object that signifies death is obvious. By displaying this feature of magic realism, Eva Luna is proved to be described as such.

Eva Luna displays all the basic elements and trends of magical realism. Sharp realism is shown, portraying things, such as relationships, as they actually are without idealisation. Fantastic and dreamlike elements, entwined with a real setting, are seen as normal to the characters. The novel violates standard novelistic expectations with its wondering plot and autobiographical format. Allende blurs traditional distinctions of what is serious or humorous with Elviras eccentricities. Materials from tales are used and related to, politics, revolutions and social changes are explored, and time is shown as circular. Finally Allende concentrates on the paradox of the union of death and life, binary opposites, fulfilling all magic realist novel expectations and proving that Eva Luna can indeed be described as magic realism.

Please note that this sample paper on Magic Realism in Eva Luna is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Magic Realism in Eva Luna, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Magic Realism in Eva Luna will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior.

If you order your paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements.Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior. , therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior. paper at affordable prices with Online writing services offer help on The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior. !Antigone "There is no shame in honoring my brother." Antigone's passionate spirit stands strong for her brother, as she defies Creon's law. Antigone conveys to us that she holds a high respect for her family. The tragedy Antigone by Sophocles, consists of the power that conventions hold within society and how they dictate individuals behaviors. Through honor and authority of Creon, the voice of women in society and disobedience succumbing to death we are taught of these dictations. The voice of authority in Antigone is the voice of Creon. Through Creon's arrogant self-assured character we are shown he is a very dominating man who holds much power. Unlike any other King, Creon is a man who can't bare traitors and people disobeying his high rulings. He believes he is a King willing to seek advice and listen to people, but in reality loves the sound of his own voice. An honorable man and society respects him and his laws. "If we transgress the laws and defy our King?" People are scarred of him and the consequences of disobeying his laws. His mark of authority is so strong that only one person in society is strong enough to question him and that is Antigone. Ismene will question Antigone's acts as a result of her litigious character. Antigone was strong enough to defy Creon's law and honor her brother's death, regardless of this situation she still disobeyed the King. "But authority cannot afford to connive at disobedience." How can we acknowledge Antigone's acts if she disobeyed the King and went against the law? How could we support Antigone if her only defense is that she wanted to honor her brother by burying him? Would we be politically correct in saying that because Antigone is so proud and driven by determination, it was her obligation to defy the law? Although Antigone did defy this law of the land, she was driven by her feelings no matter what the outcome would consequent to her. Her obligation was to bury her brother and defy this authority and as a result she was punished with death. Antigone is proud and has a high respect for her family. She will never question her beliefs because they are always from the heart. "Is he not my brother and yours?" Antigone has to question where Ismene stands in the situation. If she will go against her litigious character and bury her brother with Antigone. Ismene could never defy the law, not even for her own brother. Antigone is outraged by this and believes that family is stronger than anything is. This could possibly support the tragic history throughout Antigone's family. "I love no friend whose love is only words." When judgement day arrived for Antigone Ismene wished to die with her. Possibly because she wanted to be with Antigone or because she felt she committed some act against Creon. Antigone stood strong and believed that peoples actions will always speak louder than words. "To lie beside a brother whom I love." There is nothing that could fulfill her more than to die with her brother. This would ultimately be the greatest feeling. We ask ourselves almost if she is doing this because she wants to die? But we know that she isn't. Although nothing could fulfill her more than this, she is determined to prove her point to Creon, that everyone should be entitled to a burial regardless of the situation. Antigone's pride of her family will always rule. No matter what the consequence is Antigone will go to all lengths to fulfill her determination.

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Women in society are to be locked up indoors. This tradition lived in Ancient Greece where the authority of male domination was the only voice. This was the technique used to control the gender power. "We'll have no women's laws here." Creon expressed that he didn't want to hear what Antigone had to say. With women he did not care on how they felt about his rulings and how he achieved them. One voice was heard and his only. He was sexist in stating his beliefs on women, when he hadn't even listened to what Antigone had to say. "A woman better be beaten by a man," If the women won't listen to the men they will use other alternatives to make them listen. They were undermined into believing that men had more power.

They lead them into believing why should we have say in anything for we are only women? This frustrated Antigone and here could also possibly lie her determination. Antigone is rebellious and where she is told not to do something, if she believes in it, she will pursue it. "Than let a woman get the better of us." Creon in his mind believes that to listen to women is wrong and for women to gain power would be for women to get the better of them. Women of this society are more vulnerable and this adds as an additional benefit in Creon's power. One woman was only strong enough to break the law. If Antigone didn't do so, would a woman's voice in society ever be heard? Death is a key aspect in the play. Death is always a deterrent or an act of punishment. In Antigone's case death was the law. If the law were broken anyone who broke it would be sentenced to death. "There is no punishment that can rob me of my honorable death." Because Antigone was driven by determination she didn't think twice on what the outcome resulted in. There could never be a punishment that could rob her of any honor. "If I die for it, what happiness!" What Antigone believed to be doing was morally correct. If she died committing an act of crime against the law, which she believed in she would be happy. She would have died with no regrets. Although death was no deterrent did Antigone want to die? Death didn't seem like such a big deal for Antigone. Although Antigone is a strong noble character she falters in her final words. She expresses that she has never married and will never marry and all the things she will miss out on. She got herself convicted of disobeying the law; she must now carry this deed with her. Antigone just couldn't finally accept this in her pride. Death was no deterrent for anybody to strongly express themselves against Creon's words. Although he held a high authority he didn't really act in a positive judgement and this is what clouded him and robbed him of his own death. Through the dictations of society's conventions we are lead to believe that these have a strong act on peoples behavior. These conventions influence people and their judgment. In Creon's case, this clouded his rulings. Creon's Authority got the better of him in the end. He was so besotted by his own power he didn't take into consideration what would happen as a result of Antigone's death. "My hands have done amiss, my head is bowed." Creon realized his misjudgment when he was punished with death as no other option. The power of his hands and authority have done wrong, he is ashamed.

jealousy with Gene as Gene does with Finny. He never thinks of their relationship as a competition, but Gene still feels overshadowed and controlled. The inner war that Gene holds with Finny is what ultimately leads to Finny's crippling and death. Before the accident Finny asks Gene to come watch Leper jump out of the tree for the Super Suicide Society. Gene feels that Finny is trying to intentionally make him do poorly in his classes. Gene tells Finny that if he goes it will ruin his grades. Finny is honest and says he never knew that Gene had to study to get good grades. Gene realizes that Finny had made a parallel between his athletics and Gene's studies; Finny thought that Gene's knowledge simply came to him. All at once Gene's rationalization of Finny is destroyed, understanding that he and Finny are not really alike at all. Finny is a good person free of envy and Gene is inferior. Gene feels once again, insignificant and secondary, and releases his frustration by pushing Finny out of the tree. Even though the action was done on blind impulse Gene still feels a sense of joy to have defeated someone who he considers an enemy and threat. This entire accident was all a result of competition. After the accident Gene feels superior to Finny and therefore, can be his friend not his rival. Gene is happy that Finny will never be as great as he was. He will never be able to participate in sports or even walk as smoothly as he did. Gene feels he has finally won the inner war he had with Finny and no longer has to compete against his best friend. In "Bless the Beasts and Children" competition is also an substantial part of the theme. Box Canyon Boys Camp is centered around competitions. Boys were not assigned cabins to stay in but instead they found a group and cabin to be in. Competition separated the popular kids from the social rejects and the winners from the losers. The Lally brothers, Teft, Goodenow and Shrecker were misfits. They were wealthy, emotionally disturbed boys. They wet the bed, sucked their thumbs, and had nightmares. No one wanted them in their cabin. Only one "normal kid", Cotton would tolerate and lead the misfits. Everything at the camp revolved around competition. Each cabin was a team. Each team competed in riding, archery, riflery, crafts, swimming and field sports. All of the competitions were scored. The teams would be ranked in order from highest to lowest and given Indian tribe names according to their ranking. The highest ranked team was the Apaches, followed by the Sioux, Comanches, Cheyenne, Navajo and the last place team was the "bedwetters". No one wanted to be the "bedwetters". It was a shame and an embarrassment and that team was teased, tormented, and taunted. While the Apaches acquired a head of a buffalo bull, the "bedwetters" received a large white chamber pot. Cotton and his crew always were the "bedwetters". This caused them all feel very badly about themselves. They all felt that they weren't anybody, useless and ineffectual. This feeling of rejection caused and originated the mission to save the buffalo. They felt instant empathy when they saw the defenseless, innocent animals slaughtered. Ironically the feelings of the animals was parallel with the feeling of the young men. They knew the feeling of uselessness. The freeing of the buffalo symbolizes the freeing of themselves, their own self-discovery and their maturation into

Many women and men are looking into human cloning because they are infertile. But, the problem is that the U.S. congress is considering human cloning for reproductive purposes to be a criminal act (Lampman 1). They will have to wait a while if they want to have their child by cloning. Another way to have a child is by vitro-fertilization, which allows the ability to start a life outside of the womb (British 2). Creating a human clone would have many birth defects because of all the genes. There are over 30,000 genes in a body. There is no way they could test over 30,000 genes. There would probably be mutations and such in the genetic code of the body. There is a high risk of change in the genetic code (Drlica 147). In conclusion there should not be human clones until further research is done on the subject. Before scientists start making human clones scientists should get the success rate of animal clones up much more than three percent. It could be beneficial but it will take a lot of research and testing. Human cloning may be playing god but eventually someone will make a human clone, whether it is in a year or one hundred years.

Works Cited Gibbs, Nancy. "Cloning: Where Do You Draw the Line?" Time 13 Feb. 2001: 18-21 Gorman, Christine. "Cloning: Humans May Have It Easier." Time 27 Feb. 2001: 56-57 Lampman, Jane. "Transcript of our live event with Jane Lampman." Yahoo. http://www.csmonitor.com/monitortalk/events/pastevents/0628chatLo g.html (6 Nov. 2001). "British Government Panel Approves Human Cloning for Cell Research." Yahoo. http://www.cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/08/16/embryo.cloning.02/ (6 Nov. 2001). Cole-Turner, Ronald. Human Cloning: Religious Responses. Los Angeles: Westminister John Knox Press, 1997. Drlica, Karl. Understanding DNA and Gene Cloning. New York: Jon Wiley & Sons inc, 1984. Gibbs, Nancy. "Baby It's You! And You, And You…" Time 19 February 2001: 46-57. Goodman, Steve. "Should There Be Human Clones?" Faces: People, Places, andures. 16 January 2000: 6-11. Please note that this sample paper on The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes.In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior. , we are here to assist you.Your custom paper on The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.Order your authentic assignment from Online writing services offer help on The tragedy in Antigone, is that society's conventions dictate all behavior. and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

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As a business student I feel that the above statement is absolutely false. The fact is quiet the opposite. The prime benefits of globalization are :-

 Increases the content of MIDDLE class income group by providing more executive and general job opportunities.

 It gives the economy a strong activity boost by increasing production of goods and services and helps in reducing costs by finding the most competitive and cost effective solutions to business.

The following excerpt shows the positive effect on poverty in Malaysia :-

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"Malaysia has been lambasted for adopting a heterodox approach to overcome the

financial crisis. In September 1998 it introduced selective capital controls. In early 1999

(February) it modified capital controls by introducing a repatriation levy or an "exit tax"

on portfolio capital. There are stronger signs that the economy is recovering in 1999.

Capital controls along with other policy measures seem to be pulling the economy out of

recession. In 4Q 1998 the economy contracted by 8.6 percent and a much smaller 1.6

percent in 1Q 1999. The 2Q 1999 will probably see a marginal positive growth and a

growth rate of 1 – 2 percent could be in store for 1999. Officially a 5 percent growth is

anticipated for 2000. The level of absolute poverty is expected to rise marginally in 1998,

unlikely to worsen in 1999 and 2000."

Another excerpt authored by Kofi Anan

Companies must take lead to ensure globalization benefits many

By Kofi A. Annan

Many people are asking me why I have agreed to attend the World Economic Forum this year. Some even seem to think that by doing so I align myself with the glitterati and the global elite, turning my back on the downtrodden masses who - in these people's eyes - are the victims of globalization. If anything, the opposite is true. I see the forum as an opportunity to address that global elite on behalf of those downtrodden masses: on behalf, especially, of well over 1bn people in today's world who are living without enough food to eat, without safe water to drink, without primary schooling or healthcare for their children - in short, without the most basic requirements of human dignity. Personally, I do not believe that those people are victims of globalization. Their problem is not that they are included in the global market but, in most cases, that they are excluded from it.

But it is up to the global elite - to business and political leaders from the more fortunate countries - to prove that perception wrong, with actions that translate into concrete results for the downtrodden, exploited and excluded.

It is not enough to say, though it is true, that without business the poor would have no hope of escaping their poverty.

Too many of them have no hope as it is. They need to be shown, by tangible examples making a difference to their own lives, that economics, properly applied, and profits, wisely invested, can bring social benefits within reach not only for the few but also for the many, and eventually for all.

Many business leaders still think these are problems for governments to solve, and that business should concern itself only with the bottom line. But most of them understand that in the long run the bottom line depends on economic and social conditions, as well as political stability. And increasing numbers are realizing that they do not have to wait for governments to do the right thing - indeed, that they cannot afford to. In many cases, governments only find the courage and resources to do the right thing when business takes the lead.

Sometimes companies can make a massive difference with really small investments. Take the case of the world's salt manufacturers. Working with the United Nations, they have made sure that all salt manufactured for human consumption contains iodine. The result is that every year, more than 90m newborn children are protected against iodine deficiency, and thus against a major cause of mental retardation.

We need many more examples like that - examples of companies helping to mobilize global science and technology to tackle the interlocking crises of hunger, disease, environmental degradation and conflict that are holding back the developing world.

It is true that, for most such initiatives to succeed, business needs enlightened partners in government. But it need not wait passively for them to appear. In many countries, the voice of business leaders plays a very important role in moulding the climate of opinion in which governments take their decisions. Indeed, no one is better placed than business leaders to refute the arguments of protectionists and penny-pinchers. They are the ones who can make the most persuasive case for opening the markets of rich countries to labor-intensive products from poor ones and for an end to the farm export subsidies that make it impossible for farmers in poor countries to compete.

And they are the ones who, as leading taxpayers, can argue most persuasively for debt relief and official assistance to developing countries, as well as a chance for those countries to make their voice heard when decisions affecting the world economy are being discussed. All those things are essential if today's poor countries are to grow and prosper. Of course, they need to get their own houses in order so that they can mobilize domestic resources and attract and benefit from private foreign investment.

But they must be given a fair chance to export their products, and many of them need financial and technical help – to build up their infrastructure and capacities - before they can take advantage of market opportunities. Even when a door is opened, you cannot walk through it without leg muscles.

Next month, at the Monterrey Conference on Financing for Development, political and business leaders will have the chance to show, by tackling these issues seriously, that they intend to make sure globalization offers the poor a real chance to escape from poverty.

They can strike a truly decisive blow against the forces of envy, despair and terror by sending out a clear message of solidarity, respect and - above all - hope.

The author is Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Does Globalization increase Poverty & inequality ?

On 29th January 2002 the Goa Chambers of Commerce and Industry in collaboration with the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, New Delhi office, invited a panel discussion on "Whether Globalization benefits the Poor?" Over 80 participants came to listen to a distinguished Panel consisting of Mr. Swaminathan Aiyar, Consulting Editor of The Economic Times, Mr Bibek Debroy, Economist and Director of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Contemporary Studies, Mr. Detmar Doering, Deputy Director of Liberales Institut, Friedrich Naumann Stiftung and Mr. Leon Louw, Project Coordinator of Good Law Project in South Africa.

The four speakers were par excellence in their presentations. For the people of Goa this was an opportunity to listen and interact with the prominent speakers who were coming together on a single platform for the first time. The speakers mesmerized the audience comprising Students, Businessmen, Govt. Officials, Media and others on their indisputable presentations that Globalization does benefit the poor.

The consensus was that Globalization results in increased competition which improves the quality of products and reduces their prices. However many players in the field would need to adjust and search for an area in which they had competitive advantages. The panel agreed that with the right kind of policies, the condition of the poor could be improved substantially and this would lead to an overall development of economic growth of the country.

GLOBALISATION BENEFITS ONLY AFTER WAR ON POVERTY

In his remarks to the 3rd LDC conference, Mr. Benjamin William Mkapa, President of the United Republic of Tanzania, called for a little "soul-searching" and to show that the hands that cradle our world are "warm and caring, not cold and indifferent." Reciprocal recriminations will never put food on the plate of the hungry, nor take their children to school, the President affirmed. In the following excerpts from his address, President Mkapa looks at some of the new approaches and initiatives from the LDC perspective, the role of various development actors and what is at stake in the areas of trade, debt, and ODA. He contends that it is success in the war on poverty that will pull the benefits of globalization for LDCs.

We need to ask ourselves three basic questions:

First, do we now know, in sufficient detail and clarity, why many earlier approaches and initiatives failed - be it the Programmes of Action of previous LDC Conferences, or all the other global summits on education, on environment, on poverty, on health, on habitat, on women, on children and others. All the targets that came out of the Conferences and Summits were noble, and at the time we agreed on them, we believed we were all committed to play our different but complementary and coordinated roles. We failed. Was the problem the goals, the approaches, the initiatives, the role players, or their co-ordination?

Secondly, if with the help of the Report of the Panel (High-Level Panel for the Review of Progress in the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the 1990s) we believe we now know what went wrong, are we equally certain that the new approaches and initiatives we are launching here, and the roles we assign to the different actors, relevant to the solution needed to effectively deal with the previous problems; and, can they be relied upon to increase the speed of implementation to make up for lost time, and to produce the effectiveness and efficiency needed to attain that speed?

Thirdly, we need greater introspection by all the actors, especially governments, in both rich and poor countries, regarding sufficient commitment to these new approaches and initiatives. The report of the Panel has shown that lack of, or insufficient, political will is a major contributory factor to previous failures. Are we now sufficiently driven to engender the necessary political will, among all actors, to not fail again?

As a business student I feel that the above statement is absolutely false. The fact is quiet the opposite. The prime benefits of globalization are :-

 Increases the content of MIDDLE class income group by providing more executive and general job opportunities.

 It gives the economy a strong activity boost by increasing production of goods and services and helps in reducing costs by finding the most competitive and cost effective solutions to business.

The following excerpt shows the positive effect on poverty in Malaysia :-

"Malaysia has been lambasted for adopting a heterodox approach to overcome the

financial crisis. In September 1998 it introduced selective capital controls. In early 1999

(February) it modified capital controls by introducing a repatriation levy or an "exit tax"

on portfolio capital. There are stronger signs that the economy is recovering in 1999.

Capital controls along with other policy measures seem to be pulling the economy out of

recession. In 4Q 1998 the economy contracted by 8.6 percent and a much smaller 1.6

percent in 1Q 1999. The 2Q 1999 will probably see a marginal positive growth and a

growth rate of 1 – 2 percent could be in store for 1999. Officially a 5 percent growth is

anticipated for 2000. The level of absolute poverty is expected to rise marginally in 1998,

unlikely to worsen in 1999 and 2000."

Another excerpt authored by Kofi Anan

Companies must take lead to ensure globalization benefits many

By Kofi A. Annan

Many people are asking me why I have agreed to attend the World Economic Forum this year. Some even seem to think that by doing so I align myself with the glitterati and the global elite, turning my back on the downtrodden masses who - in these people's eyes - are the victims of globalization. If anything, the opposite is true. I see the forum as an opportunity to address that global elite on behalf of those downtrodden masses: on behalf, especially, of well over 1bn people in today's world who are living without enough food to eat, without safe water to drink, without primary schooling or healthcare for their children - in short, without the most basic requirements of human dignity. Personally, I do not believe that those people are victims of globalization. Their problem is not that they are included in the global market but, in most cases, that they are excluded from it.

But it is up to the global elite - to business and political leaders from the more fortunate countries - to prove that perception wrong, with actions that translate into concrete results for the downtrodden, exploited and excluded.

It is not enough to say, though it is true, that without business the poor would have no hope of escaping their poverty.

Too many of them have no hope as it is. They need to be shown, by tangible examples making a difference to their own lives, that economics, properly applied, and profits, wisely invested, can bring social benefits within reach not only for the few but also for the many, and eventually for all.

Many business leaders still think these are problems for governments to solve, and that business should concern itself only with the bottom line. But most of them understand that in the long run the bottom line depends on economic and social conditions, as well as political stability. And increasing numbers are realizing that they do not have to wait for governments to do the right thing - indeed, that they cannot afford to. In many cases, governments only find the courage and resources to do the right thing when business takes the lead.

Sometimes companies can make a massive difference with really small investments. Take the case of the world's salt manufacturers. Working with the United Nations, they have made sure that all salt manufactured for human consumption contains iodine. The result is that every year, more than 90m newborn children are protected against iodine deficiency, and thus against a major cause of mental retardation.

We need many more examples like that - examples of companies helping to mobilize global science and technology to tackle the interlocking crises of hunger, disease, environmental degradation and conflict that are holding back the developing world.

It is true that, for most such initiatives to succeed, business needs enlightened partners in government. But it need not wait passively for them to appear. In many countries, the voice of business leaders plays a very important role in moulding the climate of opinion in which governments take their decisions. Indeed, no one is better placed than business leaders to refute the arguments of protectionists and penny-pinchers. They are the ones who can make the most persuasive case for opening the markets of rich countries to labor-intensive products from poor ones and for an end to the farm export subsidies that make it impossible for farmers in poor countries to compete.

And they are the ones who, as leading taxpayers, can argue most persuasively for debt relief and official assistance to developing countries, as well as a chance for those countries to make their voice heard when decisions affecting the world economy are being discussed. All those things are essential if today's poor countries are to grow and prosper. Of course, they need to get their own houses in order so that they can mobilize domestic resources and attract and benefit from private foreign investment.

But they must be given a fair chance to export their products, and many of them need financial and technical help – to build up their infrastructure and capacities - before they can take advantage of market opportunities. Even when a door is opened, you cannot walk through it without leg muscles.

Next month, at the Monterrey Conference on Financing for Development, political and business leaders will have the chance to show, by tackling these issues seriously, that they intend to make sure globalization offers the poor a real chance to escape from poverty.

They can strike a truly decisive blow against the forces of envy, despair and terror by sending out a clear message of solidarity, respect and - above all - hope.

The author is Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Does Globalization increase Poverty & inequality ?

On 29th January 2002 the Goa Chambers of Commerce and Industry in collaboration with the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, New Delhi office, invited a panel discussion on "Whether Globalization benefits the Poor?" Over 80 participants came to listen to a distinguished Panel consisting of Mr. Swaminathan Aiyar, Consulting Editor of The Economic Times, Mr Bibek Debroy, Economist and Director of the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Contemporary Studies, Mr. Detmar Doering, Deputy Director of Liberales Institut, Friedrich Naumann Stiftung and Mr. Leon Louw, Project Coordinator of Good Law Project in South Africa.

The four speakers were par excellence in their presentations. For the people of Goa this was an opportunity to listen and interact with the prominent speakers who were coming together on a single platform for the first time. The speakers mesmerized the audience comprising Students, Businessmen, Govt. Officials, Media and others on their indisputable presentations that Globalization does benefit the poor.

The consensus was that Globalization results in increased competition which improves the quality of products and reduces their prices. However many players in the field would need to adjust and search for an area in which they had competitive advantages. The panel agreed that with the right kind of policies, the condition of the poor could be improved substantially and this would lead to an overall development of economic growth of the country.

GLOBALISATION BENEFITS ONLY AFTER WAR ON POVERTY

In his remarks to the 3rd LDC conference, Mr. Benjamin William Mkapa, President of the United Republic of Tanzania, called for a little "soul-searching" and to show that the hands that cradle our world are "warm and caring, not cold and indifferent." Reciprocal recriminations will never put food on the plate of the hungry, nor take their children to school, the President affirmed. In the following excerpts from his address, President Mkapa looks at some of the new approaches and initiatives from the LDC perspective, the role of various development actors and what is at stake in the areas of trade, debt, and ODA. He contends that it is success in the war on poverty that will pull the benefits of globalization for LDCs.

We need to ask ourselves three basic questions:

First, do we now know, in sufficient detail and clarity, why many earlier approaches and initiatives failed - be it the Programmes of Action of previous LDC Conferences, or all the other global summits on education, on environment, on poverty, on health, on habitat, on women, on children and others. All the targets that came out of the Conferences and Summits were noble, and at the time we agreed on them, we believed we were all committed to play our different but complementary and coordinated roles. We failed. Was the problem the goals, the approaches, the initiatives, the role players, or their co-ordination?

Secondly, if with the help of the Report of the Panel (High-Level Panel for the Review of Progress in the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the 1990s) we believe we now know what went wrong, are we equally certain that the new approaches and initiatives we are launching here, and the roles we assign to the different actors, relevant to the solution needed to effectively deal with the previous problems; and, can they be relied upon to increase the speed of implementation to make up for lost time, and to produce the effectiveness and efficiency needed to attain that speed?

Thirdly, we need greater introspection by all the actors, especially governments, in both rich and poor countries, regarding sufficient commitment to these new approaches and initiatives. The report of the Panel has shown that lack of, or insufficient, political will is a major contributory factor to previous failures. Are we now sufficiently driven to engender the necessary political will, among all actors, to not fail again?

Please note that this sample paper on webdesigning is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on webdesigning, we are here to assist you. Your custom paper on webdesigning will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Personal statement sociology

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Scholarship letter sample

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