Emotions are patterns of chemical and neural responses

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Emotions are defined as patterns of chemical and neural responses. Their function of is to assist you in maintaining life by prompting adaptive behaviors. They are due to the activation of a set of brain structures. The emotions are biologically determined, stereotypical, and automatic, although culture and individual experiences may influence them as well and can modify expressions. Damasio distinguishes six primary or universal emotions happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust, which are based on universal facial expressions. He also defined other secondary and social emotions such as embarrassment, jealousy, guilt and pride, well-being, malaise, calmness, tension, fatigue, energetic, anticipation, and dread. Emotions are a set of complex states involving affect, desire, and action based on neural mechanisms. Evolution of these mechanisms for emotion gives way to the theory that emotion leads to consciousness.

There are rather well defined brain regions responsible for emotion. This relates directly with the idea that consciousness exhibits a phylogenetic continuity. The brain stem is involved in virtually all of the areas related to emotion including the hypothalamus and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which are responsible for sadness, the amygdala, which is mainly responsible for fear and for the recognition of fearful expression. Also the anterior cingulate cortex is regarded by Damasio as the most important region among those that make consciousness possible.

Emotions are not easily described, because of the simultaneous activation of several structures and feedback reactions among them. This prevents the process from being straightforward and creates problems for the overall understanding of levels of processing. First an object or situation is either detected and represented by sensory devices or recalled from memory, and these neural patterns activate nuclei in the brain stem, the hypothalamus, and the amygdala. This perhaps is an emotional episode, but it can also be regarded as the first step in a process whose final consequences are, for example, heart-rate alterations, facial expressions, and characteristic behavior. The structures just mentioned release hormones of various kinds in the bloodstream. The same structures also send faster electrochemical signals through neurotransmitters, both to organs such as the adrenal gland, which releases hormones, which in turn reach back to the brain, and directly to other brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the basal ganglia, thus modifying what Damasio calls the cognitive state.

The major theoretical construct of this work suggests that consciousness is caused by emotion. Consciousness and its substrate of subconscious are an emergent fundamental and phenomenal effect of the evolution of neural mechanisms that enable cognition and language. It is based on preceding subjective emotional experiences and the evolution of their communicative expressions.

We have the feeling that we are today the same person as yesterday we were and tomorrow we shall be. Only what does it mean to be the same person? When we go to sleep, for example, our consciousness is "switched off for a certain amount of time. How do we know it is ``the same when we wake up again? The fact is-it is not the same. The emotions we experience day to day are ever evolving our conscious state as well as the fact that our brains have a phylogenetic continuity. They have developed as an evolutionary response to meet some challenges of some relevant aspects of the environment in which we find ourselves. This phyletic development is an avenue leading to the solution of long-term (survival) problems of the human race. Consciousness is adaptive and ever evolving due to brain structures that cause emotions.

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Marijuana Drug

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Marijuana Drug

Marijuana is a relatively harmless drug that governments around the world have made illegal. If legalized, marijuana can be beneficial to society in a number of ways whether it be for medical, economic, or public safety reasons. Marijuana has been proven to treat several life debilitating, and even life threatening diseases. Although it is not a cure, marijuana can ease the pain and suffering of a dying person. Another benefit of legalization is the financial gains that governments will accomplish through the taxation of marijuana. This is a realistic claim if marijuana sales are compared to that of cigarettes; governments make billions each year from cigarette taxes (Caputo and Ostrom 484). Every year law enforcement spends countless man-hours trying to apprehend marijuana dealers and growers. This time would be better utilized in dealing with more serious crimes. This essay will display some main reasons why marijuana is a substance with beneficial uses and applications. First, marijuana can be used as a treatment for the effects of diseases such as AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, and other terminal diseases. A study carried out in California clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of marijuana as a treatment for cancer "Over 74 percent of the cancer patients treated in the program have reported that marijuana is more effective in relieving their nausea and vomiting than any other drug they have tried."(Zeese 10). Chemotherapy for cancer patients often produces nausea and vomiting. Marijuana has been proven to relieve these symptoms and there have been no known side effects recorded (Ad Hoc Group of Experts part 4). The people who would benefit the most from the legalization of marijuana are the terminally ill. These people are not criminals at heart, because they only require marijuana as a way to bring relief from their ailments. Moreover, a government should feel obligated to provide terminally ill patients with marijuana to relieve pain. Governments such as Canada and the United States are supposed help its' people, and by legalizing marijuana, many terminally ill citizens will feel less pain and suffering. If marijuana were to become legalized, governments could make a large amount of revenue through taxes. In the United States, billions of dollars each year in revenue are produced through tobacco taxes (Caputo and Ostrom 484). If marijuana became a manufactured product, the government could set taxes on the sale of that product. Once legalized and regulated by the government, the money raised through taxes could be used to improve the country. Moreover, several other things can be produced commercially using the marijuana plant. There is a possible revenue obtainable from hemp, which can be manufactured into clothing material, vegetable oil, paper product, and livestock feed (Caputo and Ostrom 485). If legalized, marijuana has the potential to generate a lot of revenue for a government, and this gained revenue can only help the country. Crime is a problem just about anywhere in Canada and the United States. However, crime enforcement energy is often spent dealing with cases that are not necessary. The police spend useless time trying to arrest marijuana growing and smokers. If marijuana is legalized, drug-fighting resources could be better used against the drug trade of cocaine, heroin, and other dangerous substances. Furthermore, if the government regulated the sale of marijuana, a majority of drug dealers would go out of business. This would decrease the amount of black market drug money, and increase the revenue for the government. Also, legalization of marijuana could also take some pressure off of the court system. The court system would have less cases to deal with, and more important cases could be processed faster. The legalization of marijuana would make Canada and the United States a safer place to live, because law enforcement would be directed fully at the true criminals in society. Marijuana is a substance with many useful applications in Canada and the United States. It has been proven to be a great treatment for the pain and discomfort of terminally ill patients. Legalization would make marijuana easily accessible to these people. Also, if the government would legalize and regulate the sale of marijuana, large tax revenues could be available to the government. This increased revenue could help the country become a better place to live, whether it be through improved highways or new schools. Legalizing marijuana would take pressure off of the legal system. Law enforcement could concentrate on severe criminal problems, rather than getting overloaded with marijuana cases. All of these benefits are from a simple plant called marijuana, and yet the government will not allow their country to enjoy all of the good things that could come out of the legalization of this crop.

 

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The Walam Olum

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"The Walam Olum" by the Delaware and "The Navajo Origin Legend" by the Navajo, tell the creation beliefs of each of the cultures. The creation beliefs contained in "The Walam Olum" and in "The Navajo Origin Legend" are different because of the syntax and detail of each myth, and because of the role of nature and the role the of the gods in the creations.

"The Walam Olum" by the Delaware has a basic syntax. However, the simplicity of the syntax does not diminish the message of creation how, "…the great Manito, a manito to manitos, to beings, mortals souls and all" (page 15) created all things. The Delaware believed that Manito "…made the extended land and the sky…the sun, the moon, the stars… made them all move evenly" (page 15) and that He also "gave the first mother, the mother of beings. He gave the fish, he gave the turtles, he gave the beasts, he gave the birds… to those very first men, and to those first mothers; fetched them wives…all had cheerful knowledge, all had leisure, all thought in gladness" (page 15-16). The syntax in "The Walam Olum" is not hindered by unnecessary or complicated information and excessive detail. It is plain that the Delaware believed a great Manito made all things, and they did not need to use complicated terms to get their message across.

"The Navajo Origin Legend" has a more complex syntax and more detail than that of the Delaware's " The Walam Olum." However, in being more complex and detailed, "The Navajo Origin Legend" contains more information on the ceremonial aspect of human creation " The gods laid one buckskin on the ground with the head to the west…they spread the other buckskin with its head to the east…The white wind blew from the east, and the yellow wind blew from the west, between the skins…When the Mirage People had finished their walk the upper buckskin was lifted…a man and woman lay there…" (page 1). It also presents no information about the creation of things surrounding the first being, such as the land and the animals. The Navajo also include many unnecessary facts that have no effect or connection to the creation process, such as " On the morning of the twelfth day the people washed themselves well" (page 18). Many times less detail is better than too much.

The role of nature in "The Walam Olum" is minimal while the role of the god, Manito, is large. The Delaware believe that man was made by Manito, and even of Manito as is evident when the myth states "Anew spoke the great Manito, a manito to manitos, to beings, mortals, souls and all, and ever after he was a manito to men and their grandfather" (page 15). According to "The Walam Olum", nature is created to supply the being and to surround him, it is given to the beings by Manito, " He gave the fish, he gave the turtles, he gave the beasts, he gave the birds" (page 15).

Unlike "The Walam Olum" the role of nature in "The Navajo Origin Legend" is significant and the role of the four gods are minimal. The first man and woman are made out of nature with little help from the four gods, "The gods laid one buckskin on the ground with the head to the west; on this they placed two ears of corn…they spread the other buckskin with its head to the east…The white wind blew from the east, and the yellow wind blew from the west, between the skins…When the Mirage People had finished their walk the upper buckskin was lifted; the ears of corn had disappeared, man and woman lay there in their stead" (page 1). The wind plays a very important part in that the Navajo believe "it was the wind that gave them life. It is the wind that comes out of our mouths now that gives us life. When this ceases to blow we die." (page 1).

"The Walam Olum" and "The Navajo Origin Legend" differ greatly in the way they are written and in the way details are shared. The Delaware prefer a simple myth to the detail-oriented creation myth of the Navajo. Also, the Delaware believe their monotheistic god, Manito played a larger role in the creation, while the Navajo prefer to say the influence of nature played the bigger part. The Delaware and the Navajo are very different people with, according to their creation myths, very different backgrounds.

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Girls who wear glasses

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Girls who wear glasses

How many people do you know who wear glasses? I think that there

are a huge number of people. And people who don't, some have perfect vision and

some prefer contacts. My essay will be about people who wear glasses. I've chosen this subject because I'm very concerned about this matter. I have to wear glasses and I used to don't wear them. Why did I decide to focus on girls? Because I am one of them and because there are some stereotypes about girls wearing glasses. I also want to discuss other opportunities of vision correction, which allow to don't wear glasses.

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I did a little research on the Internet. I found out, that most of younger people now require prescription glasses to correct their eyesight. The study, conducted by the method of interview, shows, that one in five (1 per cent) 16-4 year-olds and just over one third (4 per cent) of 5-4 year-olds wear prescription glasses. Surely, that research was conducted in some group of people, and I think, that even more people wear glasses. Other source tells, that 16 million people in the U.S. wear glasses or contacts.

How do they feel about wearing glasses? The result of research shows, that younger adults are most likely to attribute 'attractiveness' to people who wear glasses. Fifty per cent of women aged 16-4 years old and 44 per cent of men aged 5-4 years old agree that wearing glasses can make a person look more attractive.

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In contrast, older people are less likely to associate glasses with attractiveness. Only one in five (1 per cent) 55-64 year-olds agree that wearing glasses can make someone look attractive and three-quarters of women aged over 65 years old think that it is 'strange for people to wear glasses for appearance rather than to correct eyesight'.

Some people believe that it is some charm in wearing glasses. Some even wear them only for appearance. In women magazines you can find pictures of beautiful

women with glasses. You can also find a lot of advises how to do makeup for eyeglasses and how to chose frame. Some people have another point of view about it. It is, that girls who wear glasses are not attractive. A girl has to take off her glasses, before a guy will take notice. But sometimes it can results not in a success, but she can bump into things and doesn't even see whom she is flirting with.

Another stereotype is, that girls with glasses are smart, and they spend all their time at the books or at the computer screens. Probably, it makes some sense, but I am not completely agree with this. Usually people who study a lot really need glasses. But it is not saying you need glasses to be smart. You just look smart with glasses. And conversely, there are plenty of people with glasses who aren't smart.

What can I say from my own experience? I believed a long time, that wearing glasses was unattractive. I was nearsighted since the 5th grade, but I'd rather squint to see something, that to put my glasses on. I couldn't explain why, but I didn't like to wear my glasses and I didn't want to wear contacts. I was afraid about it. When I was learning to drive, I didn't have a choice any more, because I couldn't see anything on

the road. But I put them only when I was driving. My friends sometimes got mad with me, when I passed by them without saying "hi". When I started to work as a cashier at a store, it was really hard time to me. It was really hard to don't make mistakes and to give right change to customers. My managers advised me to wear glasses, it would make my work much easier. It took a while, but I started to wear glasses all the days. My friends were excited about it. "Nice glasses", "They make you look so cute", "You look prettier with your glasses that without them!" They said it to me every time they saw me. And I still don't know if it was true or they just would encourage me. But anyway, now I feel OK about wearing glasses. I feel very happy to see everything clearly.

However I feel great, I am excited about progress of medicine. Now I am interested in a new method of vision correction-laser surgery. For me it is very new, a little bit scary, but very seductive. "For the 16 million people in the U.S. who wear glasses or contacts, LASIK is truly a dream come true. Imagine Seeing the alarm clock in the morning Enjoying skiing, swimming, and playing tennis without relying on glasses or contacts. You will not believe your eyes! Experience the freedom of seeing the world through your eyes, not through your glasses or contacts. Your eyes provide you with a window to the world. In a matter of minutes, laser vision correction can make your dream come true." After reading this advertising you will have a desire to experience this freedom. For me now it is the thing, I want to know more about it, and, maybe, one day to try it.

 

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Personal Goals

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Personal Goals Paper

What do individuals want to get out of life? This is a hard question for many people to answer. So many have never had to sit down and think about what they really want. It's easier to know what other people want of you and not what you want of yourself. Finding my personal goals wasn't easy for me to do either. I have decided I want to stay happy and energetic about my career path I have chosen. My career choice must be well paid for my family and I to stay financially stable. I also aim to keep my relationship intimate throughout life. I want to strive in keeping myself active by staying physically fit so others accept me. I approached my personal goals by using the five different areas involving parts of my life and values. The five life areas are personal, family, school/career, financial, and lifestyle. All five areas are interconnected and will affect each other.

Personal goals should be examined daily, for they may change due to circumstances happening in your life. Keeping them updated will help you stay on track to accomplish your goals, short-term or long-term.

A chart with all five life areas will help you fill in important goals to reflect values you hold for yourself. The goals can and should be changed or updated as events change in your life. As long-term goals are tracked, they will change through each stage in your life. Goals I had as a teenager are not the same as the goals I have for myself today. Goals I have now as a student at University of Phoenix will not be the same as the goals I will have as a mother and even as a grandmother. As I age, my goals and value will change. Some may stay the same, but many will change and need reevaluated.

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First, I have established a goal toward personal. I would love to keep my body tone and attractive. In order to do this I must stay on a good diet. I need to keep myself active in some way so I don't resort to eating something because I have nothing better to do. I have a training room at work I am going to use everyday for at least and hour. Keeping this schedule will help me accomplish this long-term goal. My second goal is in family. I want to spend more time with my parents. I recently moved out of my parent's home the first of 00 and moved in with my fianc. I am the youngest of three children and I am the last the leave. My sister lives in Phoenix, Arizona, and my brother is in Albuquerque, New Mexico. I still live close enough to visit, but never do. My mom calls all the time asking me to do things with her and I put her off. It makes me sad to hear how lonely she is without any of her children around. I am trying to keep a schedule of days to spend with my parents. Making specific days to go makes it easier to do because it becomes a part of my weekly schedule. Every Sunday my fiancand I go to his parent for dinner, so I chose every Saturday afternoon to spend with my parents. Third, is my school/career goal. I want to finish my bachelor's from University of Phoenix. Each day I decided I need to read every chapter assigned to keep me active in my class work along with finishing all assignments with ample time before the day of my class. To be satisfied with this accomplishment, I require myself to pass each class with a B average or better. If I stay on track with my studies, I can move closer to finishing this goal. This is a number one priority for me. Financial is the next goal. I enrolled at University of Phoenix to get my bachelor's degree so I can move up in my present company. I want to be prepared for any opportunity that may arise. I don't want to pass up an important position because I have no qualifications. I want to eventually be considered an important aspect for the Government. Without the ability to move up in my position, I will not be able to provide for my family. This is very important to me; it is also a number one priority. Lastly is my lifestyle goal. Having an intimate relationship is important to me. A family should stay together and show their love everyday. I want to be a minority in this country and not get a divorce. Too many people divorce and it's not fair for the families created by the marriage. Each day I will always say, "I love you" to my significant other. I will set aside alone time to spend with him to talk or sit quietly watching a late night movie. I want to be happy and without communication, togetherness, and love, it will never work.

You can see how every life area is tied together. Without my school/career goal, I will not accomplish my financial area. Without my personal goal, my lifestyle goal may not be as healthy as I want. All five goals need to be worked towards and modified as needed to keep you looking forward to the future. So what do you want to get out of life? Is it as hard as it seems, or do we make it hard because of our fear of failure? Accomplishing your goals is hard and failure may become an opstical. I look over my goals and mission often to keep me pushing harder to overcome the fear of failure.

 

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