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The Nazi Party, led by Hitler, was by 15 the most adulated party in Europe. This was due to their ability to use both the recurring tragedies that beset Germany after World War One and the incapability of the Weimar Government to counter effect them, to their advantage. Their success can mainly be attributed to the Great Depression, which made many dissatisfied with the present, and anxious for the future, ready to turn to the strong leadership the Nazis offered in this time of chaos. They rose to prominence and eventually to power in a time when Germany was constantly faced with one crisis after another, the public desperate for a restoration of their nation.
Using scapegoats as the target for all Germany's political, economic and social problems, the Nazis promised to rid Germany of these threats and establish a great nation. They blamed the politicians and the Jews for the hated Treaty of Versailles, the French invasion of the Ruhr, the economic misery of the hyperinflation in1, and the great depression that hit in1. Disillusioned with these events, and the political turmoil in the government, the German people were looking for new solutions. Nazism thrived on this urgency, and through propaganda and Hitler's immense charisma, they appealed to the public as a saviour figure.
The Nazi Party's policies were constructed to attract a wide social base in German society. They were based mainly on popular anxiety, prejudices and ethnocentrism. The humiliation and resentment of the Treaty of Versailles was felt by many, so Hitler used this as a focus for the problems that beset Germany after the war. This enabled the Nazis to bring out people's anger and fear, and through this, their support.
Acting upon the fear of communism and the prejudice of Jews, the Nazis took a strong stance against both. They put out communist uprisings through violence, and by doing this gained a following, especially from the middle-class who would be most effected by the rule of communism. Local authorities also overlooked the violent activities of the Nazis, as they too feared the communist threat. Hitler hammered the message that the "Jewish menace"(1) was destroying Germany's potential as a great nation, as they corrupted the countries political and economic worlds. People willingly accepted somebody to blame for the problems facing themselves and their country.
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The German public also found themselves losing faith in the Weimar Republic and the democratic brand of government on account of the French occupation of their territory and the major economic crisis that followed. The French invasion of the Ruhr brought shame and misery to huge amounts of the German people. When the hyper-inflation hit, people were faced with starvation, eviction and illness. The invasion which caused the hyperinflation period was a direct result of the signing of the Versailles treaty, as it was because Germany could not make the repayments that the French came in and took over the richest part of their country. The Nazis grasped this opportunity to appeal to the public as a strong party who would pull Germans out of the misery they were facing, unlike the Weimar government who was allowing for this anguish. They did this through propaganda, one of the forms being posters stating, "First bread, then reparations"()
Democracy was seen more and more as a weak form of government, unable to cope with the crises that were continually facing Germany. The Nazis took advantage of this growing opinion, asserting themselves as a strong authoritarian leadership who would gain the control needed to resolve the crisis. Considering democracy had only been introduced in Germany in 118, and the public was used to obedience to a dictator, the cards played on the Nazis table.
Although the Nazi Party was building itself up constantly, it wasn't until 1 when the Great Depression hit that they gained a substantial following.The economic crisis of the Great Depression had horrendous outcomes, leaving the German public faced with an extremely high rate of unemployment. The way of life reached an all time low, and people were looking for new solutions, new leaders, new parties and perhaps even a new regime. "As the dole queues lengthened and Germany slid deeper into depression, more and more voters turned to political parties which rejected the Weimar Republic and offered their own brands of dictatorship."() The Nazi Party, under Hitler used this to their full benefit, taking the opportunity to blame the Weimar politicians who caused this. They drew the German people's attention to the political turmoil in the government, pointing out their ineffectual way of dealing with the economic crisis. The Nazi Party, on the other hand, presented themselves as "strong and dynamic leaders"(4) who would pull Germany out of this mess. The Nazi Party's support grew from .8% in 18 to 7.% in 1, signifying the way in which they could use people's anxiety, caused by crises, to gain support.
The Great Depression was a stroke of luck for the Nazi Party. Through this people turned to them, and they effectively made use of this by voicing their promises to increase voter support. The Nazi Party was able to promote policies that would appeal to all levels of German society. They promised agricultural reform for the farmers, respect for rural people, employment for the workers and economic stability (which appealed to the upper class, as they feared the increasing influence of the working class). The Nazi campaign also focused much on what was wrong with other parties and how they had brought about the Great Depression. This angered people who were already unsettled, and influenced them to turn to a new leader.
Hitler, as the leader of the Nazi party, drew the public support with his charismatic personality, and his ability to "move the masses."(5) He voiced the Nazi Parties ideals with such emotion, that it created nationalistic fervour by those who went and saw him speak. He spoke of more than mere economic recovery, but a national revival. He saw Germans as "the greatest people on earth"(6), and sympathised with them, reassuring them that "It is not your fault that you were defeated in the war and have suffered so much since. It is because you were betrayed in 118 and have been exploited ever since". (7) Hitler promised to remove the constraints of the hated Treaty of Versailles, to reunite Germany, to give Germany a respectable international front and restore her honour. In times of great crisis and conflict, the Nazi party was aware that people turned to this great strength and leadership, and took full advantage of it. For they as leaders provided "the sight of discipline in a time of chaos, the impression of energy in an atmosphere of universal hopelessness."(8)
Although through the Great Depression the Nazi party's votes increased dramatically, they still didn't hold an absolute majority in parliament. What enabled them to rise to power was the political turmoil in the democratic system of government, and the way in which their opponents drastically underestimated Hitler. During 1, the main stream democratic parties were falling apart rather than working together to unite against Nazism, for they "were much too divided and short sighted to combine against a common danger which…(threatened to)…overwhelm them."() They were unable to provide the strong leadership Germany needed in times of nation crisis; this caused the German people to turn to the Nazi Party. In 1 Von Paper, the former government of 57 days, persuaded President Hidenburg to appoint Hitler Chancellor, reassuring him that Hitler would be a, "Chancellor in chains". (10) Hitler, supported by the Nazi party, now had a position of power that could lead them to "take control of first the parliament and then the nation."(11)
The crisis of the Reichstag fire assisted them in doing so. Through this, the Nazi party was able to appeal to the public's fear of communism, and enabled them to have The Protection of People and State signed. This gave Hitler more control in parliament, and the power to wipe out any political opposition. By 1 the Nazi party were in power of the parliament, along with the nationalists, in form of a coalition government. The Nazis took full advantage of the division in the government, and on these grounds were able to pass through parliament The Enabling Law. Democracy was destroyed and Hitler followed by the Nazi Party, now had absolute power a dictatorship.
Hitler and the Nazi party gained power by the effective way they used the continual crises Germany faced in the period following World War One, and the conflict in the Government. In a Nazi Party member's own words, "All that serves to bring about catastrophe…is good, very good for us and our German revolution."(1) It was essentially the hit of the Great Depression that caused people to turn to the Nazis. However, power could not have been achieved without their display of strong leadership in a time of anarchy or their immense ability to act on these tragedies.
(1) Book 1 Unit 1 VCE Twentieth Century History, p.4.5
() Ibid, p..11
() Ibid, p.5.4
(4) Ibid, p.5.5
(5) Ibid, p.4.11
(6) Ibid, p.5.8
(7) Ibid, p.5.8
(8) Ibid, p.5.
() Ibid, p.5.16
(10) Ibid, p.5.1
(11) Ibid, p.5.14
(1) Ibid, p.5.6
K.J.Mason. A History of Germany 118-145 Republic to Reich, McGraw-Hill book company Sydney 16
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