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The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over, it had swept the colonies of the eastern seaboard, transforming the social and religious life of the land. Up and down the Eastern Seaboard, the land was littered with those unchurched. All that was required was a spark of revival to set the land afire with religious excitement. When this spark ignited, those who lead the revival were so surprised by what was happening, that they "attributed it entirely to God's inscrutable grace."
The primary spiritual leaders responsible for this religious revival are George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Timothy Dwight, John and Charles Wesley.
Jonathan Edwards was born in 170 in East Windsor Connecticut. In 170, Edwards graduated from Yale. By twenty-two years of age, he became the assistant pastor and later the pastor of a church in Northampton, Massachusetts. Early on into his pastoral career, he struggled with the meaning of true revival. He wondered what he could do to get his congregation to experience revival. Edwards began a series of sermons with much prayer in order to wake up those that bad become too involved in outside business and everyday life and not with God. What followed were many widely
known messages. In 171, he preached a message called, "God glorified in man's dependence." In this message, he preached that sin was a condition of ignorance. In 17, he preached a sermon called, "A divine and supernatural light." In this message he preached that Christianity requires truth and through the truth is the presence of the Holy Spirit. Edwards is most noted for his 1741 sermon entitled, "Sinners in the hand of an angry God." He created spiritual panic among those who heard it. Many feared the church floor would open up and swallow them into the fires of hell below. In 174 revival began to break out in Northampton, Mass. This revival began among the young people who had drifted away from the church. Edwards believed that of the nation was going to experience a spiritual awakening, then he must begin with its young people. Young people were not corrupt or fixed in their ways like old people were. In the year 174, a great change began within the people. There was a great and growing concern about the things of God and eternal life. Edwards was pleased. He grew very demanding of his congregation. He wanted them to be true and sincere to God who is all knowing. For example, in 174, he drew up a covenant for his congregation to sign, binding them to live their lives faithfully. This was to serve as a reminder of the covenant they had with God. Edwards worked hard because of the great vision he held for America. His life and faith was an outstanding part in the Great Awakening that started a great spiritual revival. John Whitefield soon joined the voice of Jonathan Edwards.
George Whitefield was born in 1747 in Gloucester. From the young age of twenty-two he too was a foremost figure in the religious movement that held the attention of the entire English speaking world. In the 170s and 40s the English land was corrupt with spiritual decay. The preaching at that time was cold and the greatest concern was that no one was showing any sign of enthusiasm about religion. Whitefield and others were determined to change this. Whitefield began to speak with determination and power. Soon, no church could compare to those that flocked to hear him speak. As the revival grew beyond his imagination, more and more churches began to close their doors to him due to the controversy in his ministry. He then decided to preach in open fields. He headed for Kingswood, near Bristol. At Bristol, he began a young people's meeting. Whitefield started out with fifty people and within six weeks time this meeting rose to five thousand. This number rose even more significantly to thirty thousand people who came to hear him speak in the open spaces of Bristol on a weekly basis. Soon, this revival preaching spread to many including Charles and John Wesley.
Charles Wesley was born in 1707. He was educated at Charterhouse and Westminster School. Wesley was more widely known as the "sweet singer of Methodism and arguably the greatest hymn writer ever." When he graduated in 170, Charles Wesley became deeply interested about spiritual things. He gathered together some others who shared his religious seriousness and began the "Holy Club" in 17. The nickname that soon followed was "Methodists". His brother, John Wesley, would later become leader of the little group, but it was started by Charles Wesley. Thus, he was properly named the "first Methodists". Charles Wesley accompanied his brother on a mission revivalism to the new colony of Georgia in 175. He served as the secretary of the Governor, General James Oglethorpe. Their episode was a failure. Feeling disappointed Charles Wesley left Georgia and landed in England in 176. His brother was to remain there in GA for another year. In May 178, Charles Wesley's new spiritual life was seen and he had deep compassion for lost men and women. His preaching was transformed and unusual blessings accompanied his powerful ministries. At this time George Whitefield's ministry was having astonishing impacts and he was criticized in Bristol. Wesley went to stand at his side when he preached. In 1740 Wesley's public appeals and preaching "subdued a riot amongst the colliers occasioned by the high price of corn". Charles Wesley is noted for changing the hearts of the people. The wealthy became more caring and the lower classes more respectful and civilized. Unfortunately, Charles Wesley was seemingly lost in his brother's shadow.
John Wesley was born in 170 in Epworth, England. He was later trained for the ministry at Oxford. He also joined his brother and assisted in the development of the "Holy Club". Wesley was one of the greatest men of God in modern history. He is credited, with his brother, for a great revivalism, which saved England. It was Wesley who said, "Give me one hundred men who love only God with all their heart and hate only sin with all their heart, and we will shake the gates of hell and bring in the kingdom of God in one generation". While in GA with his brother John had the intentions of preaching to the American Indians. However, domestic disputes kept him from fulfilling his desire. In the two years he was in GA he was unsuccessful in any of his endeavors and was not able to convert one single soul. The Church of England in that day was preached, "You must be born again." Wesley was eventually barred from preaching in many churches because of this doctrine. Wesley preached powerfully, but was uncertain of his own salvation after this. He briefly entertained the idea to discontinue preaching. On March 6, 178 John Wesley unwillingly left for a society to preach a new doctrine. There, the revelation of faith was so strong that in his heart that not only did his life change but he saw multitudes stream into the "kingdom of God with signs and wonders following". Soon, Wesley was preaching in open fields to many who never frequented a church building. John Wesley was witness to God's power and saw thousands saved at one time.
The Great Awakening can best be described as a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 170s and the 1770s most notably in England, Scotland and Germany. The earliest manifestations appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Presbyterians initiated religious revivals in those colonies during the 170s but also established heartfelt preaching that would bring sinners to experience conversion. In emotional sermons preachers like Jonathan Edwards evoked terrifying images of the corrupt and the terrors that awaited them and the unrepented in hell. This spiritual awakening gained encouragement from the American travels of an English preacher, George Whitefield and he later allied with other clergymen who shared his views, most notably Charles and John Wesley. Together they led a movement to reform the Church of England, which resulted in the founding of the Methodist Church in late eighteenth century.
The Great Awakening resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political through academics and colleges, notably Princeton University. The awakening served to build up interests that were intercolonial, to increase opposition to the Anglican Church and to the royal officials who supported it, and to encourage democratic spirit in religion.
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