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'What is the point of life??is the question often pondered in human minds. To answer this question it may be best to first look at where life begins. Creation. Then the next question in this matter would be, 'what is creation??The simple answer to that is everything. A stool is the creation of a carpenter, as a painting is a creation of an artist and we along with many other extraordinary things in this world are the creation of God. The motivation that inspires humans to create is a desire to feel good about oneself, to achieve something and to look good in the eyes of others.
There are many ideas, values and attitudes about creation in Mary Shelly's story Frankenstein (the modern Prometheus). This essay will be describing how ideas, values and attitudes about creation in Frankenstein parallel either in similarities or differences to the original creation story found in the Holy Bible and the Greek myth Prometheus.
The first and most important value in Frankenstein about creation is that man should not play God and if humans try, then they shall suffer. In the story the main character Victor Frankenstein is determined to create life out of the dead, in his mission to defeat death. "Wealth was an inferior object; But what glory would attend the discovery if I could banish disease from the human frame and render non invulnerable to any but a violent death!?Then after Victor creates the monster he realizes his terrible mistake. "But now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart?I considered the being that I had cast among mankind, and endowed with the will and power to effect purposes of horror…my own vampire…forced to destroy all that was dear to me.?
Similarly in the Greek myth, Prometheus (a titan) plays God by stealing the fire of wisdom from the gods and giving it to the humans he had created. The gods get angry and punish him terribly. "Zeus was enraged that man had fire. He decided to inflict a terrible punishment on both man and Prometheus…on Mount Caucasus, Prometheus was tormented day and night by a giant eagle tearing at his liver. By day, the eagle would come down to the cliff and devour Prometheus liver, and by night the liver would regenerate, only to have it destroyed the following day again.?
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The difference in Prometheus from Frankenstein is that Prometheus did not get punished for creating humans but going against his gods will. In Frankenstein creating the being is going against God's will. In the holy bible Adam was punished for trying to play God and to be like god by eating the forbidden fruit and he and along with Eve was punished by being send to earth from the safety of heaven.
Another idea is that the created always has a choice on which path to take. Either the good or the evil. But the society that the created inhabits also has a great impact on what choice the created takes. Like in Frankenstein the beast had tried to be hospitable, by saving the girl from the river and helping the cottagers with their daily chores, but all he got for this was negative responses and rejection. This corrupted him and he chose the evil ways. Killing everyone Frankenstein loved. This parallel's with the original creation story about Adam and Eve. Adam had a choice on whether he should eat the forbidden fruit or not he chose to eat it, with the influence of Eve.
Also, Prometheus had a choice on whether he should steal the fire. But he did it out of his sympathy love for the mortal humans.
The idea of achieving respect through creation is also important. Frankenstein wanted to be great and powerful and perfect and respected by creating this beast. "Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through…a new species would bless me…should I deserve their? Like we are expected to worship and respect God. In Prometheus, the titan gives t6he mortals the forbidden fire so that we would love and respect him. "For unrelinquishing bravery in the face of the ruling and cruel Powerful who inflict suffering on the rest of mankind. His name has been associated throughout the centuries and millenniums as that of the GREAT REBEL AGAINST INJUSTICE AND THE CRUEL AUTHORITY OF TYRANNICAL POWER.?
The idea that people should take responsibility for their things/creation is also very important in Frankenstein. Frankenstein creates the monster and then flees. Later on he realised that he could not flee from what is done and that he hold responsibility for the creature no matter hoe hideous he is. "In a fit of madness I created a rational creature, and was bound towards him, to assure, as far as was in my power, his happiness and well-being.?In the story of Prometheus, he felt responsibility for the human he had created and that is why he brought the fire to them.
And in the bible it is stated in almost every page that God loves his children and blesses them.
A general idea about creation is that the creator will have to make an environment for his creation and set down rules and restrictions for it to abide. Like in the creation story in the bible
God created Adam after he created the earth and animals and eve for him, god also blessed Adam and set down the 10 commandments for all humankind to follow. "And god blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and multiply and fill?Thou shall not kill.? But in Frankenstein it was the exact opposite. After creating the beast Frankenstein not only abandons it in a world which it was not meant for, but also curses it and leaves it to roam free doing whatever it wants. Frankenstein says, "I threw myself on the bed in my clothes, endeavoring to seek a few moments of forgetfulness? and later on in the story the beast recalls. "No father had watched my infant days, no mother had bless me with smiles and caresses?and later on Frankenstein realizes. "In a fit of madness I created a rational creature, and was bound towards him, to assure, as far as was in my power, his happiness and well-being.?
These are the main parallels in the story Frankenstein, creation story and Prometheus and ideas, values and attitudes of creation found in them.
Power
Power is a recurring theme throughout the text that manifests itself in many different forms. The power to grant life, to bring death, and the power to control life are all themes that Shelley presents in relation to Creation. Frankenstein has the power to create life as well as to destroy whereas the monster has the power to destroy life and cause pain.
At first Frankenstein's main goal is to discover the "principle of life?for the good of mankind, but in his passing trance he soon finds himself "capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter? at this point, he is overwhelmed by the power and glory that creating would bring. Out of the desire for power and knowledge that is placed in Frankenstein's hands, the monster is born without careful consideration. In creating, Frankenstein hopes that "a new species would bless me [him] as its creator and source? he wants to be worshipped for his god-like powers, hence seeing himself akin to God. However, unlike God Frankenstein does not provide for his monster, neglecting his duties to his creation and allowing the wretched being to roam free. Frankenstein has no plans for his monster and it is suggested that the monster is not bound by destiny like Frankenstein because he is not a 'child of god?
When the monster asks Frankenstein to exercise his powers yet again to create a female, Frankenstein agrees to this request rationally although less than willingly. He reasons with his creature but eventually decides that he is bound towards the monster as his creator and has "no right to withhold from him [the monster] the small portion of happiness which was yet in my [Frankenstein's] power to bestow.?
In the text, the ultimate power is still in creation. Although the monster has physical power over Frankenstein, the monster does not have the knowledge that is needed to create another being. Without the knowledge to create, Frankenstein does not have hold over the monster. So we can say that in relation to the text, knowledge is power. The second monster is created out of knowledge ?from experimenting on the first monster, this bears similarities to Eve who made by God from the ribs of Adam.
As Frankenstein becomes more and more 'God-like? he has the choice and power to decide whether to grant life or to not. After considerable debate, he decides that it is wrong to create another monster because "she might become ten thousand times more malignant than her mate, and delight…in murder and wretchedness?and so "trembling with passion, tore to pieces the thing?that he was engaged in. In this instance, Frankenstein has once again manipulated life by restricting what is allowed to live and what is not. This act can again be seen as humans trying to play God by controlling nature and destiny.
Balance of Power
The balance of power shifts between the creator and created throughout this text. This can be seen as early as when Frankenstein leaves the monster to fend for itself. From this moment on, Frankenstein no longer has control over the actions of his creation who is "endowed with the will and power to…destroy? The monster realises that he has physical power over his creator when he strangles William to death, he then knows that Frankenstein is not at all like God but is a mere human who can be hurt physically and emotionally and is not perfect. The monster's "enemy is not invulnerable?
It is also suggested in the text that the creator is not necessary the master, the master is whoever holds the most power ?in this case, the monster. Despite this, Frankenstein has skills and knowledge to offer the monster, and as long as he still holds his status as the creator, there is equilibrium between the two conflicting characters. That is, when Frankenstein promises to create a female for the monster, the monster does what he is told and does not defy any of his creator's wishes. This is the same for Frankenstein, with the monster threatening "to create desolation?if he does not create a female monster. When Frankenstein destroys the female monster, the whole equilibrium disappears. This is when the monster uses his physical advantages over Frankenstein, killing Clerval and Elizabeth causing him great emotional pain.
Hubris
To have the attitude of hubris is to believe that one possesses God-like powers. As a result, one is often corrupted, becoming a source of great misery to themselves and people around them. Victor Frankenstein constantly strives to further his hubris in this text. At the beginning, he is simply someone who desires to learn about the workings of the universe. Intelligence, ambition and curiosity take him a step further, hence he greatly exceeds his original plan and to gain and misuse power. The hubris is presented as a sin in the text, because with the possession of hubris, Frankenstein runs into terrible mischief and trouble.
The complications in the narrative can all be linked to VF's discovery of power when he ponders the creation of a being in his own image. ? I found so astonishing a power placed within my hands?and "I hesitated a long time concerning the manner which I should employ it?(pg 5). These quotes demonstrate VF's initial concern and attitude towards the power that he is about to possess.
VF does have some forethoughts concerning the creation of a being, for example, "I doubted at first whether I should attempt the creation? But ultimately, he makes the decision to create. This decision may have being induced by the supreme power of being in control of a man ?a being of his own kind. As a result of his decision to create, VF attempts to play God, which he later realizes is a grave miscalculation.
Inevitably, VF becomes corrupted by hubris, believing he will have ultimate control over the being that will owe his life to him. His ignorance and the resulting chaos reflect an attitude reminiscent of the time ?that God already possesses all the power in the universe, and thus man is easily corrupted and led astray, and should not attempt pursuits that are deemed part of a higher order.
One thing VF fails to recognize is that those who have been victorious throughout history have always sacrificed a great deal just to maintain their power, and the cycle is not about to change. Thus with the power he fails to behold (by running off right after the 'birth?of the monster) come disasters which destroy him.
VF also uses his headstrong power to deny life. This is made clear to us when he breaks his promise about creating a female counterpart for the monster "Begone, I do break my promise; never will I create another like yourself? (pg 16) and tosses the unfinished body into the water. In this act, he displays more godlike tendencies.
Responsibility
Responsibility, in relation to creation, is one of the core themes of this text. From Victor Frankenstein to the monster he creates, we are reminded of the theme in many different forms. An obvious application is when VF debates, in his mind, his own degree of responsibility for his own actions, and for the actions of the monster.
First and foremost, Victor Frankenstein creates a monster. He is so blinded by hubris that he never genuinely stops to consider the consequences of his actions, acting in an irresponsible fashion.
"Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent creatures would own their being to me. No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs. Pursuing these reflections, I thought, that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless matter, I might in the process of time (although I now found it impossible) renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption?
Frankenstein only realise his own foolishness when he actually "infuses his creation with the spark of life? and is shocked by the gruesome creature that awakes. VF further contributes to the problem by neglecting his responsibilities as creator. It would be expected that, after two years of toil at the expense of his own health and rest, he should at least try to examine the monster, or take some interest in it. But alas, he is "unable to endure the aspect of the being he has created? and retires to his room. Thus we see the first act that sets off the conflict between man and monster, creator and creation. If the view is taken that the creation possesses a complete and total innocence from his beginning, then this is truly the first step toward corrupting that innocence.
When Frankenstein sees the monster for the second time, he falls under the misapprehension that it is attempting to attack him and flees. It is quite possible, of course, that the monster is simply confused, and in want of some manner of explanation. Nevertheless, Frankenstein runs away, returning the next day to find that his creation has vanished. Upon realising this, he is overjoyed, not for one moment taking responsibility for what he has unleashed on the world, or even for the wellbeing of the monster to whom he gave life.
?I was unable to contain myself. It was not joy only that possessed me; I felt my flesh tingle with the excess of sensitiveness, and my pulse beat rapidly?I jumped over chairs, clapped my hands, and laughed out loud.?
However, VF cannot be rid of feelings of guilt deep within him. The monster is "forever before his eyes? and he "raves incessantly concerning him? proving that he does feel some responsibility for his actions and creation. Still, he feels no compassion or regard for the monster, simply for the individuals that it may affect.
When it murders William and frames Justine as the culprit, to her conviction and execution, Frankenstein feels a deep pang, as though it were by his hands that they died "I beheld those I loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and Justine, the first hapless victims to my unhallowed arts.?Similarly, Clerval and Elizabeth are killed by the monster, acts for which VF also feels remorse and anger. Interestingly, these are directed no so much towards himself, as to the monster.
Corruption of Innocence
Another key issue surrounding the story of Frankenstein is the corruption of innocence. Many argue that the monster is like a child ?completely innocent, his mind a clean slate. It is put forward that he is simply corrupted by society, and we hear the clich?that "society is to blame? It is suggested that the acts of ignorant people, for instance Felix and his family, can be more horrible than any monster.
If we are to believe the monsters side of the story, then he is simply naïve, lonely and in want of a friend when he accidentally strangles William. He only starts to plot and scheme ways to bring misery to Frankenstein's life after he experiences the same misery himself. Betrayed by the world, he resorts to a killing spree that would gain nothing but vengeance.
Another more extreme reading of the text suggests that the monster is actually a demon sent by god to punish Frankenstein for his hubris. This is led by his belief that he can accomplish feats as great as that of god himself, and indeed play god to an entire race of people. This theory would act to negate the idea of corruption of innocence in the text.
Conclusion from Research
In relation to creation, the core theme in Frankenstein is power. This is presented in many different contexts, including the power to play god (i.e. to create, to give and deny life), the pursuit of power above all else, the attitude that God has supreme power and no human can come close to wielding this, the idea that the balance of power is shifts between creator and creation, and the idea of Hubris, among others.
While power is central, there are many other less obvious themes encoded in the text. These are issues like responsibility, including the responsibility for the actions of our creations, our duty towards them, and the guilt we feel when something we create or devise results in the misery of others. Also discussed in the text is the idea of corruption of innocence, and that ultimately, true innocence is corrupted by society.
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