Honor in Shakespeare

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Honor is one of the most frequently occurring words in the play. Focus on three characters- most likely Hotspur, Falstaff, and Prince Hal- and discuss what honor means to each. Pay particular attention to: Hotspur's reactions in Act I, Scene iii, and throughout Act IV; to Falstaff's speeches on honor in Act V; and to Prince Hal's discussion of the drawers in Act II, Scene iv and his promises to King Henry in Act III, Scene ii. Then you could focus on the battle of Shrewsbury, where the honor of all three characters is tested. Explain how this is done, and what you learn about the characters as a result. Talk about how the pursuit or avoidance of honor guides the characters' action. In your summing up, discuss the relationship between kingship and honor, and between politics and honor. How does Shakespeare's exploration of the many definitions of honor affect your interpretation of the plot?

Many tragic heroes had honor which was either their downfall or their positive trait. In Shakespeare's Henry IV Part 1, Hotspur, a hot tempered traitor, makes honor his first priority for him and his family . Although the king praised him, he led a rebellion against him. Shakespeare creates Hotspur as a characters whose principle concern is for himself and honor which ironically causes them to make unprincipled decisions which eventually causes their downfall. Hotspur lives his life by the code of honor. Henry IV, the king at that time, honors and respects Hotspur more than his own son. When Hotspur does not give the prisoners that he had captured to the king, it is treason because he defies against the king. Hotspur says that he did not want to hand over the prisoners because his army had just fought a hard battle and were very proud of what they had done. When the servant came looking very clean and trimly dressed, they felt that if they gives the prisoners to him then Hotspur and his army would be giving away everything they had worked and fought for. Hotspur feels that the king attacks his honor when he orders those prisoner be sent to him. The king becomes angry because Hotspur had time to think about his decision and Hotspur still had not given the soldiers to him. The king says, " Send us your prisoners, or you will hear of it" (Henry IV Part 1, I, iii, 126). Brutus also believes that honor is what makes a man. He says, " For let the gods so speed me as I love the name of honor more than I fear death" (Julius Caesar, I, ii, 95-96). He thinks that killing Caesar is his duty because it will be for the good of all Romans. When the other conspirators come over to Brutus's house, Cassius tells everyone that they should make an oath to follow through with the plan to kill Caesar. Brutus disagrees and says that only people with evil intentions take oaths and that they are doing what is the right and just. When Brutus makes his speech after the killing of Caesar he says, " Believe me for mine honor, and have respect to mine honor that you may believe " (Julius Caesar, III, ii, 15-18). But killing your friend and colleague is not honorable, so consequently Brutus is not as honorable as he believes himself to be. Honor in both of these characters is what makes them act and think they way they do. Hotspur believes that he has been betrayed and wants to kill the king. Brutus wants to kill the king also because he feels that it will be for the good of all Romans. They do not think decisions through and eventually honor overrules other factors when they make decisions. When time comes for Hotspur and Brutus to make decisions, they turn out to be bad decisions which aren't thought through. Furthermore, Hotspur is a very poor decision maker. He decides to defy the king's orders, and by doing so commits treason in which some people can be executed. Hotspur decides that his family deserves more than they have already received for taking Richard out of the throne, but he does not take into account that Henry is the king and has a lot of power. Although the king respects and honors Hotspur more than his own son, he defies the king's authority and decides to take the side of his own family. When all of the conspirators gather together, Hotspur just ridicules some of the other conspirators at a time when cooperation is a necessity. He is very hot tempered and bases his decisions on his anger. What makes Hotspur a bad leader is that he is easily manipulated by Worcester, his uncle. Worcester makes all of the plans for the conspiracy and manipulates Hotspur into taking control of the operation. Equally, Brutus is also a poor decision maker. First of all, he decides to assassinate the king and in making that faulty decision, he makes other flawed decisions. He decides that Cicero, a wise and respected man, should not be in the conspiracy. The only reason Brutus did not want him in the conspiracy is that he did not want competition for the position as the leader of the conspiracy. When the other conspirators decide to kill Antony along with Caesar, Brutus disagrees because he believes that Antony will not cause problems for the future. The other conspirators try to give reasons for killing Antony, Brutus does not listen, interrupts Cassius in mid sentence, and just decides that they will not kill Antony. Cassius also manipulates Brutus just as Hotspur was by Worcester. Cassius flatters Brutus and provokes Brutus by telling him that it is his duty for his family is to kill the king. He says, " There was a Brutus once that would have brooked th' eternal devil to keep his state in Rome as easily as a king" (Julius Caesar, I, ii, 167-170). Both Hotspur and Brutus are manipulated when a part of their character is exposed by a conspirator. Hotspur and Brutus both take charge of their conspiracies to kill their leaders and when they do, they are not proficient leaders. They do not listen to others and do not cooperate with others. Hotspur and Brutus think of themselves and are very selfish. In addition, Hotspur and Brutus are both arrogant and egotistical. First, Hotspur believes that the king will ransom Mortimer from captivity in Wales for the prisoners. When the king gives an order, it has to be followed and Hotspur believes he can bargain with the king. Then Hotspur believes that if he can get Richard II off the throne then, he could get any king off the throne. Then when all the conspirators meet in Wales to make final the terms of their plot against king Henry and to determine how they will divide up the conquered kingdom, Hotspur ridicules Glendower to his face because he believes the he is better than Glendower. Also, Hotspur thinks he deserves more land than anyone else. His desire to be honorable propels him to be arrogant and conceited. Equally, Brutus is also stuck up in many ways. First, Cassius fawns towards Brutus to manipulate him for his own purposes. Cassius explains to Brutus that Caesar is no better than any other Roman, the Romans do not want an emperor, and that he has a duty to his family to bring down an emperor. Brutus believes all of this because he himself is jealous of Caesar and believes that he is better than Caesar. Also, when a person does not listen to other opinions in a situation, that shows this person believes he is always right and does not need input of others. Brutus displays this arrogance in all of the important decisions that affected the conspiracy. This arrogance led Brutus and Hotspur to be subordinate leaders and bad decision makers. Their excessive belief in honor played a role in their arrogance which crippled their leadership abilities. Brutus and Hotspur are characters who have exorbitant views of honor which actually causes them to act in opposition to their principles and rebel against their leaders. Their egos and their struggles for power makes them susceptible to manipulation and corruption. Their misinterpreted idea of honor affects their attitude and leadership abilities. Brutus and Hotspur build their lives around honor and expect everyone else to follow those same principles. They seem to value honor, but eventually do not commit honorable acts. When people are easily manipulated and corrupt, they are not reliable leaders. Leaders can not take into account just honor in making decisions. This will lead them to view ideas in only one way. Leaders should take into account other factors when they make decisions. For example, Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazis looked at problems in one way. He believed Jews were the cause of Germany's economic problems and did not take into account that Germany was to blame for the first world war and had to pay reparations for it. Hitler's arrogance and his own definition of honor caused him to make decisions looking at them one way just as Hotspur and Brutus did. Hitler was also obsessed with the Aryan race. He believed the Aryan race, Germans, were superior to all other races and did not even listen to what other had to say. The narrow way he looked at his views made him an unreliable leader and bad decision maker. As we choose the leaders for our country, we should try to evaluate wha

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France

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Where should I go on vacation this summer? Where is somewhere that has educational features and is fun for the family at the same time? Well, I'll give you an answer to all of your questions. GO TO FRANCE! French history goes back to prehistoric times, and every century has left a record, giving France one of the worlds finest national heritages. France has been the number one tourist destination for several years now. The Centre national dart et de culture Georges-Pompidou, better known as Beaubourg, beats all records with more than eight million visitors a year. The Eiffel Tower has more than six million. The Arc de Triomphe is the most visited historic monument. The cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, the Muse du Louvre (five million visitors a year) and the Muse dOrsay, are some of the famous places which have contributed to Frances renown. But every part of France has remarkable sites and historical monuments. The pont du Gard, built by the Romans, the Citde Carcassonne (see above) and Mont-Saint-Michel begun in the 5th and 8th centuries, the cathedrals at Reims and Chartres, built in the 1th and 1th centuries, illustrate the engineering skill of the builders which still makes visitors gasp in admiration. These are only a very few examples among thousands of churches, chapels, cloisters, stately homes, museums and galleries which can be visited all year round. For 0 years, France has enriched the nations heritage with dramatic new buildings. The Citdes sciences et de lindustrie, the Grande Arche and especially the Pyramid at the Louvre have become extremely popular with visitors to Paris. A different kind of museum you can visit is the Futuroscope at Poitiers which is future oriented and focuses on new and coming technologies

Today, France produces more films than any other country in Europe. Going to the movies is increasingly popular with young people who love American films. The Palais du Festival in Cannes on the Croisette. Cannes is the worlds most famous movie festival.Okay,Okay if that's not enough to get you to go to France than here is a few more reasons. Even though France is roughly the size of Texas, it offers all different kinds of scenery. You can cross the whole country from east to west or north to south in less than a day traveling by car or train. France has 4,400 miles of highway, more than any country except the U.S., Australia and Germany. The mountain ranges are all ages. The oldest ones, like the Massif Central with volcanic relief, the Vosges, Ardennes and Armorican Massif, are recognizable by their rounded summits. The most recent , the Pyrenes, Jura, Alps and Corsica, dominate the landscape. The French countryside is made up of huge basins, plains and plateaus which are traversed by major rivers. Most are fertile regions which are only moderately hilly. The coastline is ,844 miles long. The landscape varies from cliffs in the north, to rocky outcroppings and then dunes in the west on the Atlantic side, and a low and rocky shoreline on the Mediterranean. France also includes overseas territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, as well as in South America. Most French cities have downtown areas dating back several centuries. The oldest parts usually include squares, town halls, gardens, and churches or cathedrals. In the 0th century, suburbs mushroomed on the outskirts of the cities.

1. JOB OPPORTUNITIES

Knowledge of a second language is essential over 60occupations. Canada, officially bilingual, is our most important trading partners and requires labeling in English and French on all imported products. More than 1,00 French companies have subsidiaries in the U.S., and France is the largest recipient of U.S. foreign investments. France is a world leader in the development of a modern telecommunications, a market with explosive growth potential. The European Union, the second largest trading bloc in the world, recognizes French as an official languages. Think about the many opportunities with the airlines, import-export companies, and other international businesses. French is also a very useful language if you are thinking of working at the United Nations (where French is the second most widely used language) or for the United States Government in the foreign service. Here in the United States, when you know French, you could become a French teacher, an interpreter or a translator.

. OTHER CULTURES

French is the first or second language in more 40 countries and is spoken by 15 million people around the world, on every continent. Because French is a foreign language of choice for so many people in the world, knowing French will also increase your chances of communicating in a non-English-speaking country. You can use French to develop international friendships, as well as to communicate via internet.

. SPORTS

In French is always an official language to announce events, winners, and medals at the Olympic Games, including the 16 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. If you live near the Quebec border, you can also follow hockey and baseball games in French. Automobiles races (Le Mans and Monte Carlo), horse racing (Long champ), tennis tournaments (French Open), and the Tour de France (long distance bicycle race) engage fans all around the globe. When you know French, the international world of sports is open to you.

4. IMPROVE YOUR ENGLISH...

From 40 to 50% of English vocabulary comes from French. The study of French will also enhance your grammar skills, and your increased proficiency in English will greatly improve your scores on the verbal section, of the SAT and the ACT. As you develop greater skills in French, you also sharpen your skills in English.

5. CRITICAL AND CREATIVE

It will also increase your problem-solving skills and improve your memory, self-discipline and self-esteem. Because progress is very easy to measure, you can quickly take pride in your new abilities. Knowing French can help you attain a number of important life skills.

6. TRAVEL

France is the most visited destination in the world with 67 million tourists in 17. Paris was recently named by Fortune Magazine as one of the top ten global cities. When you speak French, you can be an educated tourist, ask for directions, get your own hotel room or tell a French friend about the United States.

7. OPENING THE DOORS TO ART, MUSIC, FASHION, CINEMA...

As you quickly realize when you look at the foreign film section of your local video store, France is one of the most prolific producers of international films. The Cannes International Film Festival annually attracts the attention of the world when the best films, directors and actors are named. When you understand French, you dont have to rely on subtitles to enjoy a French film.

8. LITERATURE

People around the world are familiar with Les Misrables, The Three Musketeers, 0,000 Leagues Under the Sea, The Little Prince, and The Stranger. In fact, France has won more Nobel Prizes for literature than any other country. The French are also admired for their great philosophers, such as Descartes and Pascal, Rousseau, Voltaire, Camus, and Sartre. When you read French, you can enjoy these works and authors in the original.

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France, the worlds fourth leading economic power

France is now the fourth richest country in the world after the U.S., Japan and Germany. It has .5 million companies employing more than six million people in industry and more than 14.4 million in commercial and service activities. Some industries are performing particularly well the agro-food and aircraft sectors both rank third in the world. Automobiles, electronics, chemicals and tourism have registered strong growth. The so-called tertiary sector (that is, transportation, trade, services, etc.) employs 68% of the working population. It is an important sector accounting for 67.5% of the countrys wealth. For the past few years, France has been one of the top three countries most attractive to foreign investors. They make money available to French industries so that they can grow more. Like every other nation, France sells products to other countries in the world. It also buys from them too. If it sells more products than it buys, it has what is called a trade surplus. Since 18, Frances results have been positive, confirming that French businesses are competitive all over the world. This surplus reached 1 billion francs in 16.

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Rise of the Nazi Party

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The Nazi Party, led by Hitler, was by 15 the most adulated party in Europe. This was due to their ability to use both the recurring tragedies that beset Germany after World War One and the incapability of the Weimar Government to counter effect them, to their advantage. Their success can mainly be attributed to the Great Depression, which made many dissatisfied with the present, and anxious for the future, ready to turn to the strong leadership the Nazis offered in this time of chaos. They rose to prominence and eventually to power in a time when Germany was constantly faced with one crisis after another, the public desperate for a restoration of their nation.

Using scapegoats as the target for all Germany's political, economic and social problems, the Nazis promised to rid Germany of these threats and establish a great nation. They blamed the politicians and the Jews for the hated Treaty of Versailles, the French invasion of the Ruhr, the economic misery of the hyperinflation in1, and the great depression that hit in1. Disillusioned with these events, and the political turmoil in the government, the German people were looking for new solutions. Nazism thrived on this urgency, and through propaganda and Hitler's immense charisma, they appealed to the public as a saviour figure.

The Nazi Party's policies were constructed to attract a wide social base in German society. They were based mainly on popular anxiety, prejudices and ethnocentrism. The humiliation and resentment of the Treaty of Versailles was felt by many, so Hitler used this as a focus for the problems that beset Germany after the war. This enabled the Nazis to bring out people's anger and fear, and through this, their support.

Acting upon the fear of communism and the prejudice of Jews, the Nazis took a strong stance against both. They put out communist uprisings through violence, and by doing this gained a following, especially from the middle-class who would be most effected by the rule of communism. Local authorities also overlooked the violent activities of the Nazis, as they too feared the communist threat. Hitler hammered the message that the "Jewish menace"(1) was destroying Germany's potential as a great nation, as they corrupted the countries political and economic worlds. People willingly accepted somebody to blame for the problems facing themselves and their country.

Essay help on Rise of the Nazi Party

The German public also found themselves losing faith in the Weimar Republic and the democratic brand of government on account of the French occupation of their territory and the major economic crisis that followed. The French invasion of the Ruhr brought shame and misery to huge amounts of the German people. When the hyper-inflation hit, people were faced with starvation, eviction and illness. The invasion which caused the hyperinflation period was a direct result of the signing of the Versailles treaty, as it was because Germany could not make the repayments that the French came in and took over the richest part of their country. The Nazis grasped this opportunity to appeal to the public as a strong party who would pull Germans out of the misery they were facing, unlike the Weimar government who was allowing for this anguish. They did this through propaganda, one of the forms being posters stating, "First bread, then reparations"()

Democracy was seen more and more as a weak form of government, unable to cope with the crises that were continually facing Germany. The Nazis took advantage of this growing opinion, asserting themselves as a strong authoritarian leadership who would gain the control needed to resolve the crisis. Considering democracy had only been introduced in Germany in 118, and the public was used to obedience to a dictator, the cards played on the Nazis table.

Although the Nazi Party was building itself up constantly, it wasn't until 1 when the Great Depression hit that they gained a substantial following.The economic crisis of the Great Depression had horrendous outcomes, leaving the German public faced with an extremely high rate of unemployment. The way of life reached an all time low, and people were looking for new solutions, new leaders, new parties and perhaps even a new regime. "As the dole queues lengthened and Germany slid deeper into depression, more and more voters turned to political parties which rejected the Weimar Republic and offered their own brands of dictatorship."() The Nazi Party, under Hitler used this to their full benefit, taking the opportunity to blame the Weimar politicians who caused this. They drew the German people's attention to the political turmoil in the government, pointing out their ineffectual way of dealing with the economic crisis. The Nazi Party, on the other hand, presented themselves as "strong and dynamic leaders"(4) who would pull Germany out of this mess. The Nazi Party's support grew from .8% in 18 to 7.% in 1, signifying the way in which they could use people's anxiety, caused by crises, to gain support.

The Great Depression was a stroke of luck for the Nazi Party. Through this people turned to them, and they effectively made use of this by voicing their promises to increase voter support. The Nazi Party was able to promote policies that would appeal to all levels of German society. They promised agricultural reform for the farmers, respect for rural people, employment for the workers and economic stability (which appealed to the upper class, as they feared the increasing influence of the working class). The Nazi campaign also focused much on what was wrong with other parties and how they had brought about the Great Depression. This angered people who were already unsettled, and influenced them to turn to a new leader.

Hitler, as the leader of the Nazi party, drew the public support with his charismatic personality, and his ability to "move the masses."(5) He voiced the Nazi Parties ideals with such emotion, that it created nationalistic fervour by those who went and saw him speak. He spoke of more than mere economic recovery, but a national revival. He saw Germans as "the greatest people on earth"(6), and sympathised with them, reassuring them that "It is not your fault that you were defeated in the war and have suffered so much since. It is because you were betrayed in 118 and have been exploited ever since". (7) Hitler promised to remove the constraints of the hated Treaty of Versailles, to reunite Germany, to give Germany a respectable international front and restore her honour. In times of great crisis and conflict, the Nazi party was aware that people turned to this great strength and leadership, and took full advantage of it. For they as leaders provided "the sight of discipline in a time of chaos, the impression of energy in an atmosphere of universal hopelessness."(8)

Although through the Great Depression the Nazi party's votes increased dramatically, they still didn't hold an absolute majority in parliament. What enabled them to rise to power was the political turmoil in the democratic system of government, and the way in which their opponents drastically underestimated Hitler. During 1, the main stream democratic parties were falling apart rather than working together to unite against Nazism, for they "were much too divided and short sighted to combine against a common danger which…(threatened to)…overwhelm them."() They were unable to provide the strong leadership Germany needed in times of nation crisis; this caused the German people to turn to the Nazi Party. In 1 Von Paper, the former government of 57 days, persuaded President Hidenburg to appoint Hitler Chancellor, reassuring him that Hitler would be a, "Chancellor in chains". (10) Hitler, supported by the Nazi party, now had a position of power that could lead them to "take control of first the parliament and then the nation."(11)

The crisis of the Reichstag fire assisted them in doing so. Through this, the Nazi party was able to appeal to the public's fear of communism, and enabled them to have The Protection of People and State signed. This gave Hitler more control in parliament, and the power to wipe out any political opposition. By 1 the Nazi party were in power of the parliament, along with the nationalists, in form of a coalition government. The Nazis took full advantage of the division in the government, and on these grounds were able to pass through parliament The Enabling Law. Democracy was destroyed and Hitler followed by the Nazi Party, now had absolute power a dictatorship.

Hitler and the Nazi party gained power by the effective way they used the continual crises Germany faced in the period following World War One, and the conflict in the Government. In a Nazi Party member's own words, "All that serves to bring about catastrophe…is good, very good for us and our German revolution."(1) It was essentially the hit of the Great Depression that caused people to turn to the Nazis. However, power could not have been achieved without their display of strong leadership in a time of anarchy or their immense ability to act on these tragedies.

(1) Book 1 Unit 1 VCE Twentieth Century History, p.4.5

() Ibid, p..11

() Ibid, p.5.4

(4) Ibid, p.5.5

(5) Ibid, p.4.11

(6) Ibid, p.5.8

(7) Ibid, p.5.8

(8) Ibid, p.5.

() Ibid, p.5.16

(10) Ibid, p.5.1

(11) Ibid, p.5.14

(1) Ibid, p.5.6

K.J.Mason. A History of Germany 118-145 Republic to Reich, McGraw-Hill book company Sydney 16

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Albert camus

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Albert Camus was born into an impoverished family of Mondovi, Algeria in 11. His father was a self educated member of the work force and his mother was illiterate and deaf. His father died in World War One and he and his mother moved to Algiers and lived with his uncle because they could not support themselves. Camus attended the University of Algiers and sustained himself through working odd jobs. He lived there until he publicly criticized the French colonial government of Algiers and was forced to leave the country. Camus, a Parisian in the midst of the Second World War, began writing for an illegal French loyalist newspaper called Combat, the purpose of this paper was to organize sabotages and ambushes against the occupying Germans. This is the setting in which Camus wrote his most famous work The Stranger. It is important to understand the circumstances of which Camus wrote this novel in order to fully understand what it means and what inspired it.

The Stranger was written in a time where, Camus felt, all hope was gone and the remnants of it were useless annoyances, disrupting logical thought. This is noticeably evident as a main focus in the last chapter of the book when Monsieur Meursault refuses to turn to God or the persistent minister for help or faith before his execution. Meursault felt that the Minister's nagging idea of being saved and that hope still existed disturbed him during his final days where he could think freely. This is an extension of The Stranger's main underlying idea of existentialism, a philosophy Albert Camus was famous for.

Existentialism is the idea of human indifference to the rest of the world, the idea that things exist but have no meaning for humans, that there is no true "meaning" of life. This was actively portrayed throughout the book by the main character of Meursault who was indifferent from the world around him, unattached to most emotional feeling. He also displayed another one of Camus' ideas known as Absolute Freedom, this accounts for his "freedom" from emotional concernedness. In the first chapter, during the procession of his mother's funeral, Meursault dwelled on the fact of how hot the sun was. Meursault was a logical man and was concerned with physical things. He was unlike people he considered irrational and deeply concerned with emotions. Things that most people would consider traumatic and "life-altering", Meursault seemed unattached and unchanged. This is most noticeable when Meursault talks of how his life is the same as before his mother died. Meursault also meets his love interest, Marie and spends the day with her, swimming and watching a comedy, the day after his mother's funeral. The next day Meursault smoked a cigarette and looked over the main street of the town, from the balcony of his apartment, watching as people went about there lives, just as they always had.

Meursault befriended his neighbor Raymond Sintes, who was rumored to be a pimp and was a compulsive liar. Raymond wanted to write a letter to his unfaithful ex-girlfriend to make her feel bad for him, however Raymond was unable to produce a letter that would be effective, so he asked Meursault to write it for him. Meursault agreed and wrote the letter and Raymond tells Meursault they are now "pals". This sequence of events sets up the storyline for the rest of the novel, but is irrelevant to the underlying meaning of the book. The main point of this novel is not the events that occur but how Meursault reacts (or does not react) to them.

Raymond told Meursault that he and Marie were invited to go to a friend's (Masson) beach house with him and Meursault accepts. Once at the beach the group had lunch early and Masson, Raymond, and Meursault take a walk down the beach. They notice two Arabs and Raymond recognized one as his mistress's brother. Raymond recalled seeing them while waiting for the bus to the beach and suspected they are following him. All the men, excluding Meursault, get into a fight. Masson and Raymond manage to beat the Arabs to the ground where they laid still until one of them pulled a knife and cut Raymond's arm and mouth. The Arabs retreated and Raymond wanted to see a doctor immediately, and was taken there by Masson. Meursault stayed with the women at the house. Raymond and Masson came back soon after they left, and Raymond was all bandaged up. Raymond wanted to go for a walk on the beach, probably to look for the Arabs, and Meursault followed him out.

They see the Arabs again, Raymond now has a revolver and asks Meursault if he should shoot them, Meursault essentially said no and took his gun from him. Raymond said that he was going to go start a fight with the Arab again and if the Arab pulled a knife for Meursault to shoot him. During this time, the oppressive sun beats down on the main character and the lazy waves lull Meursault into a drunken state.

The Arab does draw the knife and Meursault immediately shoots him, he notices that the shot had shattered the repressive silence of the beach and the harmony of the day, not that he had just killed someone. After pausing for a few seconds Meursault shoots the Arab four more times, completely detached from what he is doing. This part of the novel was written excellently. Camus simply but descriptively painted the entire scene on the beach as long and drawn out, and oppressive, making the sun's heat, the sand, and "lazy, glaring waves" almost into characters in this part of the novel, all working against the main character. Not only does this show Camus' talent as a writer but it also shows Meursault's recurring concern for logical, physical things such as the weather. Meursault kills a man, one he hadn't known at all, and all he can think about is the unbelievable heat of the sun. This is a reiteration of his concern for physical things and lack of concern for emotional or disturbing events that is shown during his mother's funeral.

Meursault was arrested and put on trial for murder; his sentence if convicted would be death. Once on trial the validity of whether or not he killed a man was not questioned, nor were his reasons. Throughout the trial the opposing lawyer was examining Meursault and asking him of his mothers death, how he felt, the fact he saw a comedy the night after, why he had put her in a retirement home, and other questions that were irrelevant to the trial but displayed Meursault as insensitive and a threat to society. Meursault answered all these questions vaguely and seemed disinterested. Meursault's lawyer completely contradicts what the prosecutor had said and told the jury that he was a good citizen, a model son, one who cares for others and grieves for his mother. Meanwhile Meursault sits listening to other people describing him acting as if he was a spectator to the trial and not actually in it. Meursault realizes that his self image is controlled by other people, that despite what he does he cannot control what people think of him.

The jury chose to believe the prosecutor after hearing his negative summary of Meursault. Meursault knows that if the jury had chosen to side with him it still would not be true justice as neither lawyer accurately described him, it was impossible for the Jury to make the "right" decision. The jury really just had picked which story sounded better.

Meursault was put into a prison cell, until his scheduled execution. At first the only thing Meursault could he could think about was

"…escaping the machinery of justice, seeing if there's any way out of the inevitable."(Camus 108)

Later on in his time in prison Meursault recognized these ideas of hope really nuisances and a waste of time. He believed they distracted him from thinking logically and trying to understand his life. In his time in prison before his execution Meursault was finally enlightened with what his whole life meant, nothing. Nothing, and he was happy of it. He understood that everyone dies and when they do doesn't really matter. He understood that he had been accused of a murder and then executed because he didn't cry at his mother's funeral. He understood everybody has or will die, that death is the only certainty in life. He understood his death would have the same impact as his mother's, none, life would be the same. He understood that "Nothing, nothing mattered…" (11).

At the end of the novel Meursault is at one with himself, his life, and the "…gentle indifference of the world."(1).

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Assess the contribution and impact of Tiberius as princeps

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Assess the contribution and impact of Tiberius as princeps

•After Augustus's death Tiberius reluctantly took on the role as princeps

•He started off with great promise for his dealings with mutinies among the frontiers and his contribution to foreign policy was carried out with real statesmanship (Tacitus admits to this)

•However his trust of the lecherous Sejanus and his retirement to Capri (with his minor building program), prove to have left the most impacting marks on his career

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Tiberius' Foreign Policy (provincial and frontier)

Tiberius' government of the empire was carried out with real statesmanship. Even Tacitus admits this

Provincial Policy

Tiberius recognised Rome's responsibility for the welfare of provincials, and would tolerate no abuses by governors or the Roman business class

Maintained strict discipline of troops in the provinces secured frontiers by diplomacy if possible

-Tacitus "Tiberius was happier to have secured peace by prudent negotiation than if he had fought a victorious war

Paid special attention to his choice of governors; retained many governors at their posts for extended periods, to increase efficiency

Sought to maintain justice not only for provincials but also for Roman citizens within the provinces

Maintained strict supervision of imperial legates to avoid oppression; prosecutions of governors and procurators charged with extortion were strict

Initiated road and bridge building, and established new settlements in Syria, Spain, Moesia, Dalmatia and Pannonia

Generous to provincial cities during disasters eg earthquakes

Avoided interfering in senatorial provinces, but kept a close eye on their administration

Checked the plundering of the equestrian tax companies; protected Egypt from excessive taxation

-Tacitus "He ensured also that the provinces were not harasses by new impositions and that old impositions were not aggravated through official acquisitiveness or brutality."

Did not encourage the worship of himself in the provinces

-From Tacitus To have my statues worshipped among the gods in every province would be presumptuous and arrogant. Besides, the honour to Augustus will be meaningless if it is debased by indiscriminate flattery. As for myself, senators, I emphasise to you that I am human, performing human tasks."

Gave provincial assemblies larger degree of autonomy

Tiberius' policy of leaving governors in office for long periods in order to benefit the provincials fell down when he made a poor judgement about a governor

Eg 10 years was too long for Pontius Pilatus (6-6) who was governor of Judaea at the time of Christ's crucifixion

Pontius Pilatus made a number of serious mistakes, provoking the inhabitants unnecessarily, and it took the governor of Syria, Vitellius, to conciliate the Jews after Pilatus was sent to Rome to stand trial

The senate resented his guidance and control in the provinces and were particularly affronted when he encroached on the senatorial sphere by refusing to permit a change of proconsuls for Asia and Africa and keeping the same men there for 6 years

The Influence of Sejanus on Tiberius

Tiberius' trusted adviser

After death of Germanicus, Tiberius planned to promote his own son Drusus to secure succession for him

In AD 1, Drusus' nd consulship, and in next year granted tribunician power

This embittered faction loyal to Germanicus and didn't suit the capable prefect of Praetorian Guard, L. Aelius Sejanus, who had become Tiberius' trusted adviser

Sejanus had been joint commander of the Guard with his father, and had served Augustus; accompanied Drusus to Pannonia during revolts of AD 14 and from ad 17 was sole prefect of Guard

Sejanus' ambition

Tacitus Sejanus "concealed behind a carefully modest exterior an unbounded lust for power."

Since Drusus suspected Sejanus' designs and resented his influence over his father, he had to be removed

To do this would not ensure Sejanus' rise to power, due to the abundance of members of the imperial house (Sejanus planned to remove these individuals at intervals)

Seduction of Livilla and death of Drusus

Sejanus seduced Livilla (wife of Drusus) and together they poisoned Drusus

Tiberius never got over Drusus' death in , became more morose, and came to depend on Sejanus to an even greater extent

Tiberius' retirement to Capri

Tiberius now made serious mistake

Retired to island of Capri, tired of plotting factions and hostility at court

Tacitus says Sejanus urged him to do so as he would control access to Emperor and most of correspondence [no evidence of truth in Tacitus' suggestions eg. Tacitus went to satisfy his perversions, to escape his bullying mother Livia]

Tiberius' government from Capri as efficient as ever, although his removal allowed Sejanus free rein with his intrigues

Sejanus saves Tiberius' life

Tiberius, Sejanus and servants dining in natural cavern when a rock-fall threatened the emperor's life

Sejanus protected Tiberius from falling boulders

This further increased Sejanus' power over Tiberius

From that time "Tiberius believed him disinterested and listened trustingly to his advice, however disastrous." Tacitus

Downfall of Sejanus

With the death of Livia, Sejanus appeared to be moving closer to the throne

1.He had control of the Praetorian Guard as sole prefect

.He had control of the senate as he controlled communications to and from Tiberius at Capri

.He was engaged to the granddaughter of Tiberius

4.He was granted proconsular imperium

5.He was honoured with statues and games

When it appeared that Tiberius was looking to Agrippina's youngest son (and his grandson through the adoption of Germanicus) Gaius the last son who had not been persecuted as yet by Sejanus ( eldest sons were exiled), Sejanus supposedly plotted to kill Tiberius (some say he plotted to kill Gaius)

Tiberius was alerted to the plot, and to the fact that Sejanus and Livilla had poisoned his son Drusus 8 years previously, by Antonia (mother of Germanicus and Claudius and Livilla; grandmother of Gaius)

Tiberius had to be very careful as Sejanus was in a very powerful position

Tiberius used Macro, the prefect of the Vigiles, to facilitate the destruction of Sejanus by giving him a letter to be read in the senate denouncing Sejanus as a traitor to Rome

Sejanus was arrested, taken to prison and executed immediately

From the death of Sejanus to the death of Tiberius, the period is referred to by Tacitus as the 'Reign of Terror'

Tacitus calls this a time of sheer crushing tyranny as many people were executed

Friends and family of Sejanus were executed

Sejanus himself had caused the deaths of many people through treason trials Agrippina, Nero Caesar and Drusus Caesar had all been imprisoned or exiled and then they died through suicide and starvation

See Tiberius' Administration in folder

Building Program

Tiberius did not conduct an extensive building program nor did he use buildings to increase his popularity and personal glory as Augustus had done

He completed many of the buildings begun by Augustus, restored buildings but did not put his own name on them

He did erect a temple to Augustus and a barracks for the Praetorian Guard

In the provinces he supervised the construction of utilitarian projects such as roads, bridges and aqueducts

The Death of Tiberius AD 7

Tiberius did not return to Rome but continued to rule from Capri until he died at the age of 78

StrengthsWeaknesses

Continuance of Augustus' arrangements as much as possible

Excellent civil administration

ɧAlleviated food shortages

ɧMaintained law and order in the city through the city prefect

ɧGave substantial relief to help victims of an amphitheatre tragedy and a fire on the Aventine

ɧCut down public expenses erected few public buildings and reduced gladiatorial shows

StrengthsServility of senators little co-rule, dependence on Tiberius

Treason trials and growing numbers of delatores

Crisis as a result of Germanicus' death

Influence of Sejanus and elimination of members of imperial family

Retirement of Tiberius to Capri alienation of senate

Weaknesses

ɧTook measures to safeguard the countryside from brigandage

ɧReduced sales tax

ɧChose officials carefully

Attempt to work with the senate

ɧTook no exceptional honours

ɧUpheld traditional rights

ɧTreated it with respect

ɧConsulted it

ɧExtended its administrative and legal functions

Provincial and frontier policies

ɧMaintained peace and prosperity

ɧSettled disputes in provinces fairly

ɧGave extensive tax relief after earthquake damage

ɧBuilt roads and bridges

ɧBuilt public buildings in provinces

ɧChose best men wherever possible

ɧMaintained thorough discipline, loyalty and efficiency in armiesVengeance taken on Sejanus' supporters

Gaius given no training for public life contributed to difficulties of his reign

Praetorian Guard conscious of increased power repercussions for future influence on succession

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Attack of the Women: "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, The Emergence of Feminism

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In Kate Chopin's "Story of an Hour" a young woman in the late 1800's named Louise Mallard, suffers from a heart condition. She is sympathetically informed by her sister, Josephine, that her husband, Brentley Mallard, has died in a tragic railroad accident. "Louise has loved her husband, who has in turn loved her and treated her kindly…" (Rosenblum 41). Ironically, once she hears this unfortunate news, she feels free from Brentley instead of sad that he has passed away. While her sister believes that she is too grieved to come down stairs, Mrs. Mallard locks herself in her room and embraces this liberty of "her life being her own again; no longer will she have to yield to her husband's wishes" (41). Josephine repeatedly knocks on Mrs. Mallard's bedroom door. She wants to comfort her widowed sister in this time of uncertainty. Mrs. Mallard finally opens the door and walks down stairs with her sister. Once at the end of the steps, Brentley Mallard, unknowing that his close friends and family believe that he is dead, walks through the door. Mrs. Mallard is in shock to see her husband and falls dead. The doctors that examine her say that she died from a weak heart that "could not bear the sudden joy" (41).

This story raises many questions about women in the late 1800's. Why did Mrs. Mallard feel so trapped in her marriage? Could she have escaped her marriage and still be respected in society? What were the options for marriage, divorce, and work for Mrs. Mallard? Unlike the era of Mrs. Mallard's character, women's roles and responsibilities have transformed. Because of ladies like Mrs. Mallard, women decided to stand up and fight for the same rights and roles men have always maintained-to have a successful career, be independent, and vote. Today, women are no longer pressured to be married by the age of twenty-one. They are urged to establish their career before getting married and having children. What caused our society to change its view on women? The roles and rights of women in the early twentieth century, the Suffrage and Feminism Movement, and how women are looked upon today will explain the progression of feminism since the late 1800's.

Women started fighting for their rights in employment as early as the late 1800's. "In 1870 about 15 percent of women over sixteen years of age were regularly employed away from home for wages; by 100 the figure had risen to 0 percent" (Banner 6). Although women were working and even being taught "skills such as typing and stenography…[and] start[ed] to dominate professions like nursing and technology" 80 percent of women still did not work (6). According to Louis W. Banner in Women in Modern America A Brief History only 5 percent of married women in 100 were "employed outside the home." While there was an economic push for women to enter into the workforce, culturally American society was not ready for it. "Most Americans shared the conviction that [a] woman's place was at home, supported by men, raising children, keeping house, and bolstering [a] stable family life" (Woloch 1).

Theodore Roosevelt wrote at the turn of the century "If the women do not recongnise that the greatest thing for any woman is to be a good wife and mother, why that nation has cause to be alarmed about its future" (qtd. in Woloch 1). Not only did women face cultural animosity towards them in employment, but if they did choose and was allowed by their husbands to work, they were usually underpaid. They were not able to make enough money for living expenses. ( ). If a woman chose to pursue a professional field of employment, discrimination was a major factor contributing to her not accomplishing her dream career. ( ) Of all women professionals, ...schoolteachers suffered overt discrimination...School boards usually refused employment to married teachers and demanded that a woman resign when she married (Van Horn ).

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Employment was not a major role represented by women; marriage "was a natural goal of life and adolescence was time of preparation for it" (Banner 47). For the middle-class, women were expected "to marry, to have children, [and] to obey their husbands" (47). Although many women did marry because it was expected of them, men and women did not posses the same rights in marriage. Before Mrs. Mallards era statute law had always discriminated against wives. In all states, married women remained possessions, rather than persons, under law (Woloch 11). By the 1840s some progress had been made to equalize the rights of women and men in marriage. In 1848 a minimal bill was passed by the New York legislature. It gave women the right to retain control over their real and personal property... (11).

Although women were given more rights in marriage, divorce was frowned upon by society at the turn of the century. Conservative views dominated. Ironically, in the 180s divorces rose at a noticeable rate ...attitudes hardened and a variety of steps were taken to arrest the spread of divorce. Many states tightened up their divorce laws (George 14). During the late 100s, most demands for divorce came from women... (Woloch 74). These women were not rebelling against marriage but rather against mates who failed to meet traditional ideals such as fail[ing] to support them, [making] them [enter] into the workforce, or violat[ing] the purity of the domestic life by drinking [and] gambling... (Woloch 74). Both Protestants and Catholics, attempted to secure uniform divorce laws...in hopes that uniformity would reduce the divorce rate (George 15). Their argument centered on that family was the foundation of civilized life and must not be destroyed by divorce... (15).

Because women were not given the same rights and opportunities as men, the Suffrage and Feminism Movement began. After the Civil War (1861-1865) many womens organizations formed. At first, the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was lightly considered as a threat to equality among the sexes (Banner 88), and the media hardly recognized this growing womens movement (). The Suffrage and Feminism Movement not only fought for the rights of women to vote (this is what unified the womens organizations) but it also fought for womens independence and equality (87).

Feminist and reformers were aware of a wide range of problems women encountered in a modernizing America, and they moved in many ways to confront them. Never before or since have so many women belonged to so many womens organizations; not until the 160s was feminism again so vigorous. (Banner 88)

Although womens organizations were growing at a rapid rate, this did not lessen their opposition. Men as well as women formed anitsuffrage associations usually in states where the Suffrage Movement was predominant. Opponents of suffrage consistently asserted that the sexes had different functions... (Woloch 7). Since the role of the women was in the home, the anisuffragist believed that if women were allowed to vote that this would disrupt the household because they might vote differently than their husbands. A southern Congress representative said in a 117 debate said that giving the vote to women would disrupt the family, which is the unit of society, and when you disrupt the family, you destroy the home, which is the foundation of the Republic (8). The National Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women

gained political support from three powerful groups the liquor industry, which was afraid that suffrage...would bring prohibition; the political bosses, who were fearful that women would vote for reform politicians; and the Catholic Church, which...believed that a womens place was in the home. (Banner 88)

Hysterical anitsuffragist believed that a woman voting was against nature." Pregnant women might lose their babies, nursing mothers their milk, and women in general might grow beards... (0).

The opposition did not stop women from eventually gaining the right to vote. Although the womens suffrage amendment was introducduced to Congress in 18 it had lain dormant in both houses (1).In 110 a group of suffragist leaders marched and rallied in New York state (10). This caused America to awaken to this controversial issue concering womens right to vote. By 117, Alice Paul, an active participant in the British suffrage movemnet that founded the Congressional Union, participated along with the Womens Party in an around-the-clock picketing of the White House (1-1). Although these women were arrested and jailed, this issue finally received national press coverage that embarrassed the [White House] administration by exposing the harshness of their treatment... (14). It was not until August 18, 10 that all these efforts finally paid off. The Nineteenth Amendment, allowing women suffrage, was finally passed and became law (14).

Although women had won their first major victory for equality of the sexes in 10, women still had many obstacles to overcome. Today women are considered more equal to men than ever before.

Please note that this sample paper on Attack of the Women: "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, The Emergence of Feminism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Attack of the Women: "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, The Emergence of Feminism, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Attack of the Women: "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, The Emergence of Feminism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Contract or full employment?

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Introduction

Computers have become an essential part of day to day operation of today's dynamic organisation. Either as a medium of communications, or the interface of the organisation's information systems. Information technology professionals are now in growing demand as a result. The global increase in the demand for IT professionals and the scarcity of competent IT Professionals shows the Law of Supply and Demand at work. IT Professionals with specific skills can command their pay and working conditions. As suggested by Rocca (001 p. 1) IT professionals are choosing short-term contracts over full-time positions with an employer, preferring to fly by the seats of their pants than worry about lack of job security or job protection.

This trend is posing as a problem for many organisations relying on IT Professionals as the resources have now come at a very high price.

The report will look at why IT Professionals prefer to do contract work rather than a permanent one, and try to suggest options and strategies to make a permanent employment attractive, a better choice for the new IT graduates.

Cheap research paper on Contract or full employment?

To secure long-term supplies of skilled workers, the larger corporations offered job security, complex pay schedules, extensive internal labor markets, promotion opportunities, and elaborate training programs (Osterman 184; Knoke 16) as in Kalleberg, Knoke and Marsden (001). In short, organisations have to create the sort of environment or offers that many contract workers would miss by being one.

Despite the popular idea that there are many jobs in IT, the truth is a little more complex, a little more yes, but no. If you are a developer/programmer, there is a lot of work going - from short contracts to permanent work. If you are a designer, there is less than ever, and if you are a producer (as I am) the situation is bleak.

Thomas Reynolds, 001

Contract Employment

The following pro and con of getting a contract job is suggested by Thomas Reynolds (001, p1.)

Advantages of Contract Works

•the opportunity to earn big dollar in a short term

•A diverse or extensive CV helps to get the next position, as opposed to someone who has spent most/all of their career working their way up in one company.

•You are generally treated very well, from hardware to regular coffee.

•You can often set your own hours, work from home and dress as you please.

•You can treat non-working periods as holidays.

•You can work a few days a week and earn enough to do quite well.

•Meet new people and new environment every time.

•Get new skills faster through fast paced working experience.

•Exposed to rapid technological changes challenge.

•Some contracts can be extended or even become permanent work.

Disadvantages of Contract Works

•If you work a short contract (less than three months), you must start looking for your next role immediately. This can mean giving less than your best, especially in the last few weeks, with interviews, emailing resumes etc.

•If you work a longer contract (three to 1 months), the transient nature of IT, all your old contacts and recruitment agents will have moved on or forgot you. This happened to me recently.

•Employers can place unrealistic expectations on contractors, forcing you to work longer (unpaid) hours and, with no sick pay or holiday pay, no work equals no money.

•Security. If you are young with no large financial commitments, the IT contracting life rocks. If you arent working all the time, you can do a short course, study part time or do a fallback job such as bar work. As the responsibilities increase and a constant cash flow is required, you will need to find either ongoing contracting or a permanent role.

•Discrimination. The older you are, the less likely you are to be seen as an innovator. Whether the young are innovative or not, the perception is all-important.

•harder to obtain bank loans

•Once the contract is signed there is little room for negotiation on pay or work condition

•On and off employment, there is always a chance on being temporarily unemployed

•Not covered by award

Permanent Employment

Advantages of Permanent Employment

•Generally job security. If one is good at it, the company will keep the employee

•Organisation sometimes provide training

•Company benefits, such as sick pay or holiday pay

•Constant financial flow

•There are rooms for re-negotiation, such as pay increase, better salary package

•Covered by award

•Employer funded superanuation

•Paid leave

•opportunity to get up the corporate ladder

Disadvantages of Permanent Employment

•Monotonous working environment

• skills and experience expand slower in a fixed environment

• to 5 job, fixed to the time, it is boring and inflexible

•

Attractive Permanent Employment

•interesting or attractive pay and working condition

•further education skill improvement self development through training

•attractive projects

•good organisational structure

•strong team work

•job security

•flexibility

Strategies to Attract IT Graduates

Job Security

the era that traded loyalty for job security is virtually dead. The new contract is there will never be job security. You will be employed by us as long as you add value to the organization, and you are continuously responsible for finding ways to add value. In return, you have the right to demand interesting and important work, the freedom and resources to perform it well, the pay that reflects your contribution, and the experience and training needed to be employable here or elsewhere. OReilly (14) as cited in Cawsey, Deszca and Mazerolle (16).

Short-term contracting offers IT workers many benefits. Security is not always one of them. One of the few motivators in an organisation is job security. Permanent employees have always assumed that the organisation will keep their employees on the employment. Thing is, as soon as the profitability falls, the organisation would start cutting staff out. Employees feel threatened if they see a lot of staff turnover.

Organisations should offer job security, for the sense of security would motivate workers to be loyal to the company. Without job security, contract works would be more attractive than permanent employment.

Training

Kalleberg, Knoke and Marsden (001) suggest that the use of contingent workers is not limited to clerical employees, but embraces such high-skill occupations as engineering, computer programming, and drafting. In part, the rise of a contingent workforce reflects the corporate drive to lower costs. But, companies also turn to outside labor suppliers and subcontractors whenever their high performance work systems require specialized skills that are not readily available within the firms pared-back core workforce.

This goes to show that with contract jobs, organisations expect that their contract workers are really skilled and know everything about solving the problem. Contract workers do not get the training they needed.

An organisation would be more attractive if it can expand the skills and knowledge of the employees. New graduates see training as an opportunity to expand their knowledge and skill, and to familiarise themselves with the organisational environment. In return, training will produce employees with tailored skills matching the organisation's needs and requirement.

The training, however, does not have to be directly related to the workers' job. Other training to improve communications and employee relationship would be beneficial for the organisation and the employees.

Halliday agrees that many organisation see experiential outdoor training as a way of bonding the fragmented team, in the hope of increasing team spirit and boosting sales figures. Its an increasingly in-demand trend in Australian workplaces, with apparent benefits for anyone needing to implement trust-building, improve communication skills and extend networking opportunities between employees

Recognising Employee Performance

Content perspectives on motivation (Daft and Marcic, p. 41) suggest that one of the few basic motivators is self-appreciation or self-esteem. As cited in Fiorini (001, p. 1) ANZ Bank is responding to this issue by working to instill a talent mindset at all levels of the organisation. It has implemented a program that identifies high performers with potential, accelerates their development and implements initiatives to retain talent.

ANZ Bank recognises the importance of having an attractive employee-value proposition in order to retain staff. This is done through a range of initiatives, which include share ownership; options; family friendly policies; pay for performance; and a firm view on non-performance.

Such privileges are not available to contract workers. The feeling of self-achievement, recognition, appreciation will ensure people remain motivated and challenged in their work.

Talent Development

McCann, as cited in Fiorini (001), says there is a clear trend towards a competitive advantage being derived from intangible assets such as intellectual property, brands and talent. However, at a time when the need for great talent is growing exponentially many companies are finding hiring and retaining talent harder than ever. Ninetypercent of the 7000 executives stated that talent management is increasingly difficult.

Fiorini (001) suggests that ANZ Bank is responding to this issue by working to instil a talent mindset at all levels of the organisation. It has implemented a program that identifies high performers with potential, accelerates their development and implements initiatives to retain talent.

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Global Community

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As the meaning and effects of globalization become more and more widespread, people across the world have formed grassroots organizations. These organizations protest the negative effects encouraged by globalization and try to form worldwide acknowledgement of a particular problem. This paper discusses some disadvantages of globalization and which have prompted people to protest. It will then examine at a closer level two protested issues, labor injustice and wealth inequality. Finally, conclusions on the prospect of globalization in the future will be reached.

Globalization includes the global exchange of capital, labor, information, politics, technology, and culture, all which have formed an integrated "global" world. But growing disparity, corporate power, and environmental destruction has overshadowed the hope for a global civil society, a global community. Ordinary people have become increasingly aware of these problems (due in part to globalization itself and the spread of instantaneous information) and protest movements have sprouted. Although many are unorganized and address a single issue, grassroots organizations' protests have had a surprisingly influence on the institutions they protest, including the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The World Trade Organization's meeting in Seattle of November 1, for example, "saw the birth, and to date, the high point of this new mode of activism," where protesters aimed to "shut down, or at least badly disrupt, the meetings of the global elite" (Angry and Effective, ). Protestors have greater aims than simply disrupting the work of international organizations; they wish to bring attention to a variety of issues. The major issues of globalization that have prompted people to protest are environmental destruction, human rights standards, labor injustices, and the growth of multinational corporations. Specific problems within these issues include industrialized countries exploit the resources of developing countries, corporations exploit underprivileged people in labor, the outsourcing of jobs, and corporations transforming culture and consumerism. Other issues that prompt protests are animal rights, the distribution of wealth (inequality), and the loss of culture and tradition. While each of these issues, no matter how few or many protest them, hold importance, some are more convincing reasons for protest than others.

The vast disparity in wealth between the upper class and the impoverished, and developed countries and developing is staggering. As globalization has continued, multinational corporations, foreign investors, and citizens of more powerful nations have entered a time of great prosperity and a high standard of living, much at the expense of the third world. Much of globalization has become an "affair of the industrial North…destroying local cultures, widening world inequalities and worsening the lot of the impoverished, the majority condemned to a life of misery and despair" (Giddens, ). Although this is a rather pessimistic view of globalization, statistics prove the daunting truth of disparity "The UN Development Program reports that the richest 0% of the world's population consume 86% of the world's resources while the poorest 80% consume just 14%." (Top Ten Reasons, ). One of the main reasons for the growing disparity is that more powerful countries already have more wealth and thus an upper hand in "free" trade and many other aspects of globalization- "Globalization might actually be good for poor countries, if only rich countries played by the rules" (Beatty, 1). Free trade has in many ways become harmful to developing countries that are prohibited from following the same policies that developed countries once pursued, such as protecting domestic industries until they can be internationally competitive. From 160 to 18, the most recent period of rapid growth in global trade and investment, inequality worsened internationally and within countries, as foreign investors moved production to where labor is cheapest and environmental costs are low. Clearly, inequality is an immense problem, perhaps worsened by globalization, that begs for a solution.

Unfortunately, protests against wealth inequality itself aren't very convincing. Inequality is not a specific enough topic- there is no one solution that can drastically solve the disparities we see because this problem is caused by so many different issues, only one of which is the irony of "free" trade. Moreover, inequality is inevitable in any society, and can never be fully removed. Even if a global civil society could occur and the gap between the rich and the poor was lessened, "haves" and the "have-nots" would still exist. Inequality is inherent, much a result of the inevitable power struggle in any society. Thus, wealth inequality can never be wholly removed. Although it is a staggering problem that desperately needs solution, protests against inequality itself are futile- only support for gradual steps that will lead to a more equal society can prove convincing.

College papers on Global Community

One of these issues is labor injustice. By improving labor standards, labor organization, and labor practices, a block is added in the formation of the steps toward a more equal world. Labor injustice culminates in third world countries but exists in the United States and other world powers as well. In a Race to the Bottom, investors and corporations become "flying geese," (Section 0 Nov. 00) continually moving from country to country in search of the cheapest labor and most lenient government policies on environment and labor. Thousands of jobs in America alone have been lost to foreign competition and new technology, and the restructuring of businesses have forced blue-collar, relatively low-wage factory and manufacturing jobs to find new, more specialized work (Video, Philadelphia Story). The problem is much more serious in developing countries. Labor injustice in these countries is a backlash against globalization, workers have not benefited from globalization, instead, they have lost. Women of the maquiladoras in Mexico, workers in the sweatshops in Indonesia, and the farmers of Africa have all experienced labor injustice, including incredibly low wages, poor working conditions, harassment at work, long hours, and the threat of losing a job if a labor union or protest is formed. Labor injustice has become so ironically sickening that in some cases, like in the sweatshops in Indonesia, workers don't want Americans to protest or boycott their employers, for fear of losing their jobs (Video, The Seattle Syndrome). Even companies that claim to help third world workers have been accused of exploitation. For instance, The Body Shop, a company formed on "green consumerism," claiming to protect the environment, has been accused of using the Kayapo Indians of Brazil as a marketing strategy. The Body Shop's use of Brazilian organic products has only created resentment and internal divisions within the Kayapo community (London Greenpeace, ).

The impact of free trade and globalization on labor rights has been overlooked. Countries that consistently violate international labor conventions disadvantage countries that enforce labor rights. Although labor and human rights abuses are explicit, developing countries argue that labor standards constitute a barrier to free trade for countries whose competitive advantage is cheap labor. The WTO has even ruled that it is illegal for a government to ban a product based on the way it is produced and that governments cannot take into account non-commercial values, such as human rights and the behavior of companies, when making purchase decisions (Top Ten Reasons, 1). Labor injustice is an indisputable problem that exists in many different forms in many different regions across the world. It is a convincing issue to protest because it has realistic and tangible solutions unlike the vague broadness of inequality. By addressing labor problems, a step is made in a positive direction to solving other larger issues.

It seems that with the growing number of protests and the increasing awareness of global issues that the road to a more prosperous and peaceful world is coming into view. In reality, it will be a long and gradual process, and a goal of a complete global civil society, or of an equal world without conflict is probably unattainable. We can hope for a series of progressive reforms towards positive globalization, perhaps beginning with smaller steps like eliminating labor injustice. Each step, however, will be difficult. Labor, for instance, raises a number of questions If we accept that conditions of workers are not as they should be, what can we do? Should we create a global labor standard, leveling the playing field for businesses in all countries? What are the rights of labor in a globalized economy when labor cannot move as easily as capital? (Section 0 Nov. 00).

The ideology that can spur a movement towards a peaceful, prosperous globalization is the cosmopolitan vision. Cosmopolitans believe that "political boundaries have no particular significance," that "moral claims," or the rights of all human beings, are universally shared (VanKlinken, ). Most importantly, the cosmopolitan view has led to a "universal political ethic" (VanKlinken, ), through which each person can accept his/her own and others' multiple identities based on ethnicity, region, race, and nation, but is part of a global citizenship as well.

None of us can predict the future, and none of us can single-handedly solve the negative effects of globalization and our evolving society. By adopting a cosmopolitan viewpoint and gradually reforming step by step, lofty goals of equality can be reached. Hopefully, each of us will eventually identify ourselves as a global citizen of a peaceful and prosperous planet.

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The Great awakening

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The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over, it had swept the colonies of the eastern seaboard, transforming the social and religious life of the land. Up and down the Eastern Seaboard, the land was littered with those unchurched. All that was required was a spark of revival to set the land afire with religious excitement. When this spark ignited, those who lead the revival were so surprised by what was happening, that they "attributed it entirely to God's inscrutable grace."

The primary spiritual leaders responsible for this religious revival are George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Timothy Dwight, John and Charles Wesley.

Jonathan Edwards was born in 170 in East Windsor Connecticut. In 170, Edwards graduated from Yale. By twenty-two years of age, he became the assistant pastor and later the pastor of a church in Northampton, Massachusetts. Early on into his pastoral career, he struggled with the meaning of true revival. He wondered what he could do to get his congregation to experience revival. Edwards began a series of sermons with much prayer in order to wake up those that bad become too involved in outside business and everyday life and not with God. What followed were many widely

known messages. In 171, he preached a message called, "God glorified in man's dependence." In this message, he preached that sin was a condition of ignorance. In 17, he preached a sermon called, "A divine and supernatural light." In this message he preached that Christianity requires truth and through the truth is the presence of the Holy Spirit. Edwards is most noted for his 1741 sermon entitled, "Sinners in the hand of an angry God." He created spiritual panic among those who heard it. Many feared the church floor would open up and swallow them into the fires of hell below. In 174 revival began to break out in Northampton, Mass. This revival began among the young people who had drifted away from the church. Edwards believed that of the nation was going to experience a spiritual awakening, then he must begin with its young people. Young people were not corrupt or fixed in their ways like old people were. In the year 174, a great change began within the people. There was a great and growing concern about the things of God and eternal life. Edwards was pleased. He grew very demanding of his congregation. He wanted them to be true and sincere to God who is all knowing. For example, in 174, he drew up a covenant for his congregation to sign, binding them to live their lives faithfully. This was to serve as a reminder of the covenant they had with God. Edwards worked hard because of the great vision he held for America. His life and faith was an outstanding part in the Great Awakening that started a great spiritual revival. John Whitefield soon joined the voice of Jonathan Edwards.

George Whitefield was born in 1747 in Gloucester. From the young age of twenty-two he too was a foremost figure in the religious movement that held the attention of the entire English speaking world. In the 170s and 40s the English land was corrupt with spiritual decay. The preaching at that time was cold and the greatest concern was that no one was showing any sign of enthusiasm about religion. Whitefield and others were determined to change this. Whitefield began to speak with determination and power. Soon, no church could compare to those that flocked to hear him speak. As the revival grew beyond his imagination, more and more churches began to close their doors to him due to the controversy in his ministry. He then decided to preach in open fields. He headed for Kingswood, near Bristol. At Bristol, he began a young people's meeting. Whitefield started out with fifty people and within six weeks time this meeting rose to five thousand. This number rose even more significantly to thirty thousand people who came to hear him speak in the open spaces of Bristol on a weekly basis. Soon, this revival preaching spread to many including Charles and John Wesley.

Charles Wesley was born in 1707. He was educated at Charterhouse and Westminster School. Wesley was more widely known as the "sweet singer of Methodism and arguably the greatest hymn writer ever." When he graduated in 170, Charles Wesley became deeply interested about spiritual things. He gathered together some others who shared his religious seriousness and began the "Holy Club" in 17. The nickname that soon followed was "Methodists". His brother, John Wesley, would later become leader of the little group, but it was started by Charles Wesley. Thus, he was properly named the "first Methodists". Charles Wesley accompanied his brother on a mission revivalism to the new colony of Georgia in 175. He served as the secretary of the Governor, General James Oglethorpe. Their episode was a failure. Feeling disappointed Charles Wesley left Georgia and landed in England in 176. His brother was to remain there in GA for another year. In May 178, Charles Wesley's new spiritual life was seen and he had deep compassion for lost men and women. His preaching was transformed and unusual blessings accompanied his powerful ministries. At this time George Whitefield's ministry was having astonishing impacts and he was criticized in Bristol. Wesley went to stand at his side when he preached. In 1740 Wesley's public appeals and preaching "subdued a riot amongst the colliers occasioned by the high price of corn". Charles Wesley is noted for changing the hearts of the people. The wealthy became more caring and the lower classes more respectful and civilized. Unfortunately, Charles Wesley was seemingly lost in his brother's shadow.

John Wesley was born in 170 in Epworth, England. He was later trained for the ministry at Oxford. He also joined his brother and assisted in the development of the "Holy Club". Wesley was one of the greatest men of God in modern history. He is credited, with his brother, for a great revivalism, which saved England. It was Wesley who said, "Give me one hundred men who love only God with all their heart and hate only sin with all their heart, and we will shake the gates of hell and bring in the kingdom of God in one generation". While in GA with his brother John had the intentions of preaching to the American Indians. However, domestic disputes kept him from fulfilling his desire. In the two years he was in GA he was unsuccessful in any of his endeavors and was not able to convert one single soul. The Church of England in that day was preached, "You must be born again." Wesley was eventually barred from preaching in many churches because of this doctrine. Wesley preached powerfully, but was uncertain of his own salvation after this. He briefly entertained the idea to discontinue preaching. On March 6, 178 John Wesley unwillingly left for a society to preach a new doctrine. There, the revelation of faith was so strong that in his heart that not only did his life change but he saw multitudes stream into the "kingdom of God with signs and wonders following". Soon, Wesley was preaching in open fields to many who never frequented a church building. John Wesley was witness to God's power and saw thousands saved at one time.

The Great Awakening can best be described as a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 170s and the 1770s most notably in England, Scotland and Germany. The earliest manifestations appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Presbyterians initiated religious revivals in those colonies during the 170s but also established heartfelt preaching that would bring sinners to experience conversion. In emotional sermons preachers like Jonathan Edwards evoked terrifying images of the corrupt and the terrors that awaited them and the unrepented in hell. This spiritual awakening gained encouragement from the American travels of an English preacher, George Whitefield and he later allied with other clergymen who shared his views, most notably Charles and John Wesley. Together they led a movement to reform the Church of England, which resulted in the founding of the Methodist Church in late eighteenth century.

The Great Awakening resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political through academics and colleges, notably Princeton University. The awakening served to build up interests that were intercolonial, to increase opposition to the Anglican Church and to the royal officials who supported it, and to encourage democratic spirit in religion.

 

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Death Penalty-Pros and Cons

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Against the death penalty (cons)

Many people think that capital punishment is a brutal, antiquated concept that must be abolished in the

name of civilized society. In the United States, dozens of people are put to death. The death penalty

exercises only the most primal instincts to kill and extract revenge in an organized fashion. Many

people think that the death penalty should be abolished entirely because it will allow society to function

in a civilized manner in which every person has the right to live. People also think that capitol

punishment is hypocritical, selection is arbitrary and biased, and the practice itself is cruel and inhumane.

By allowing the organized extermination of living human beings the government is telling the public that

they have the right to extinguish anyone they think is a murderer.

Society today thinks that race, social and economic status, level of education, and location of crime are

key in the selection of those to be executed. The fate of one man's life often depends on the whims and

prejudgments of the jury he is granted. A statistic shows that in 176 only five white persons have been

executed for killing a black person. This tells the public that the value of their lives depends on their

race and the jury's opinion of them. If this is true then that would mean that this sets back years of

struggle for civil rights in the North America.

The enforcement of capital punishment is a sadistic and macabre activity which appeals to the more

grim aspects of human nature, wrath and malice. The condemned is told of his or her execution date

and is then confined in a maximum security prison to await his or her execution. "For there to be an

equivalence between criminal homicide and execution," Albert Camus wrote, "the death penalty would

have to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible

death on him and who from that moment onward had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a

monster is not encountered in private life." The execution, once arrived at after years of waiting in fear,

is brutal and primitive. Killing someone is not quite as simple as switching on a light. It requires violent

trauma that eventually stops the brain from functioning one way or another. The five methods used in

the United States are electrocution, hanging, poisoning, gassing, and even shooting. The process is

never as clean and efficient as a humane death should be and occasionally, things go wrong. Most of

the time, those executed are fitted with a hood to spare spectators the gruesome contortions of pain

the face undergoes, and allows them to view the person as more of an object.

The main argument against capital punishment is cost. It is a documented fact, however, that the cost

of a capital trial combined with the jail term and execution is exorbitantly more expensive than

supporting the prisoner for the rest of half of his life in jail. In fact, in many cases it has been 00%

to 400% more costly.

Some say that the fact that capital punishment has survived thus far is due primarily to the fact that it

appeals to man's bloodlust and need for revenge. While civilized law in the United States has stated it

wrong to simply kill someone deemed "deserving", it has not stated it wrong for the government to kill

those deemed "deserving". Society's integrity is diminished every time a criminal is executed. A lot of

people think that the mentality that encourages organized murder in the name of justice is doomed to

devour the society that supports it, creating a totalitarian culture governed by paranoia. Society must

voice its opposition to capital punishment before it pays dearly for it.

For the death penalty (pros)

There is no way on can tell whether the death penalty deters murderers from killing. The argument

goes on that proponents of capital punishments should not have to bear the burden of proving

deterrence by a reasonable doubt. Nor should the abolitionist have to prove deterrence by a

reasonable doubt. Neither side would be able to anyway.

A criminal on death row has a chance to prepare his death, make a will, and make his last statements,

etc. while most victims can never do it. There are many other crimes where people are injured by

stabbing, rape, theft, etc. To some degree at least, the victims right to freedom and pursuit of happiness

is violated.

When the assailant is apprehended and charged, he has the power of the judicial process who protects

his constitutional rights. What about the victim? The assailant may have compassion from investigating

officers, families, and friends. Furthermore, the criminal may have organized campaigns of propaganda

to build sympathy for him as if he is the one who has been sinned against. These false claims are

publicized, for no reason, hence, protecting the criminal.

In arguments of the death penalty, there are two lives to think about. Too much emphasis is placed on

the convicted murderer, the one being executed, and the victim is all forgotten.

One reason why I support the death penalty is because millions are being killed and will be killed

because our justice system is not working. Millions have already been killed and will be killed every

year. According to Time Magazine, there are ,000,000 people beaten in the United States. Some

are knifed, shot, or assaulted. Crime growth has been going up in the past because of too much

leniency going hand in hand with the increased rate of people being victimized. There are many loop

holes devised for offenders, and because of that crime rate has increased drastically. Between 160

and 168 crime rate increased 11 times. More and more people are being murdered, raped,

assaulted, kidnaped, and robbed, etc.

When you commit a felony, it is a matter of free will. No one is compelled to commit armed robbery,

murder, or rape. The average citizen does not have a mind or intentions to become a killer or being

falsely accused of murder. What he is worried about is being a victim.

Opponents argue that there is no deterrent effect by using the death penalty. According to Bailey, who

did a study from 167 to 168, the death penalty was a deterrent in 7 states. When there was a

moratorium on capital punishment in the United States, the study showed murder rates increased by

100%. The study also reviewed 14 nations who abolished the death penalty, claimed murder increased

by 7% from five years before the abolition period to the five years after the abolition.

The number of years on the average spent on death row is 10 years, which I believe is to long. It is

known, will all the appeals, the death penalty is not swift. In fact, most murderers feel they most likely

will never be put to death. If the death penalty was swift and inevitable, there certainly would be a

decrease in homicide rates. Most people have a natural fear of death. It is a trait man have to think

about what will happen before we act. If every murderer who killed someone died instantly, the

homicide rate would be very low because no one likes to die. We cannot do this, but if the justice

system can make it more swift and severe, we could change the laws to make capital punishment faster

and make appeals a shorter process.

Many opponents claim lots of innocent man are wrongly executed. There has never been any proof

of an innocent man being executed. A study by Bedau-Radlet claimed there were cases where the

defendant have been wrongfully executed. However, this study is controversial. Studies like Markman

and Cassell find that the methodology was flawed in 1 cases. There was no substantial evidence of

guilt, and no evidence of innocense. Moreover, our judicial system takes extra precautions to be sure

the innocent and their rights are protected. Most likely an innocent person would not be executed.

The question is whether or not execution of an innocent person is strong enough to abolish the death

penalty. The death penalty saves lives. Repeat murders are eliminated and foreseeable murders are

deterred. You must consider the victim as well as the defendant.

Some say that the State is like a murder himself. The argument here is, if execution is murder, than

killing someone in war is murder. Our country should stop fighting wars. On the contrary, is it

necessary to protect the rights of a group of people. Hence, the death penalty is vital to protect a

person's right to live. Is arresting someone the same as kidnaping someone? In the same, executing

someone is not murder, it is punishment by society for a deserving criminal.

The death penalty is important because it could save the lives of thousands of potential victims who are

at stake.

Please note that this sample paper on Death Penalty-Pros and Cons is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Death Penalty-Pros and Cons, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Death Penalty-Pros and Cons will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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