Critically consider why signs are sociologically meaningful and their meaningfulness within everyday social and cultural circumstances.

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This essay will show that contemporary consumers are faced with signs, images which represent consumption of lifestyles which have been commissioned by advertisers. When referring to signs in this context, the word can be regarded as facets of everyday lives which have been constructed from market research by people such as advertisers. Signs are what we inherently face in our lives as they individually effect us- how we perceive a depiction of a naked child or advertising for exclusive brands differs due to our sociological context's heterogeneity. Therefore the meaning of signs ultimately change within everyday social and cultural environments due to different, personal consumer circumstances. Consequently it is the differing impact on individuals, due to different contexts, that allows for sociological meaningfulness as consumerist acknowledgment of signs provides feedback regarding consumerist trends in our cultures.

Before analysis of how consumerist signs are sociologically meaningful, we need to understand what signs really are and what they represent. A definition can be seen through the work of Tony Thwaites. A sign is viewed as anything that produces meaning. Signs comments on the world whilst simultaneously existing as objects. They convey and produce meanings (Thwaites, Tools for Cultural Studies, an introduction, 14, 7). Once this is understood, it can be applied to consumer and pop culture as it contains many of its own signs which, once interpreted, provides meaning for sociologists.

There are many sides to contemporary culture that have been informed by and can be seen through a system of signs. Our world can be analysed by sociologists through examination of these signs and consequently they determine their social and cultural importance. Signs play a large part in the consumerist realm of society due to our unconscious ability to recognise them. No other form of images confront us so frequently (Berger, Ways of Seeing, 17, 1). Advertising, as visual images, due to their density, allow us to briefly absorb these messages whilst they simultaneously stimulate our imagination's (Berger, 17, 1). Therefore, Berger argues, that publicity and the importance of signs belongs to the moments. Publicity images belong to the moment, but simultaneously refer to the past due to the consumer market's history (Berger, 17, 1).

This is akin to Thwaites concept that within signs the content is an essential feature. A sign's content is meaningful due to their reference to something. Much of contemporary marketing is dependant on their reference to something, other element's of lifestyles, as it conveys information about the advertised product whilst allowing consumer's minds to associate with other social constructs (Thwaites, 14, 7-10). Without this reference to other facets of society, advertising would be captured in a cyclic self-referential spiralling demise. Berger states that 'publicity is in essence nostalgic', that its reference to signs of quality and craftsmanship are bound to the retrospective and the traditional- 'it would lack both confidence and credibility if it used strictly traditional language' (Berger, 17, 1). A sign's referential function is important for contemporary culture as advertisers invariably attempt to invoke a connection or relationship with their prospective audience through commonly recognised signs (Thwaites, 14, 10). Therefore the principal feature of the sign is their ability to seek to establish relationships; within consumer culture, this is the connection between the sign, the advert, and the consumer's wallet. It is this element that his been harnessed by advertisers publicise the images they are trying to promote. People will ultimately notice a particular image or feature of society or sign, which corresponds to their interests (Berger, 17, 10). Sociologists therefore need to recognise that different advertising by groups represent differing social and cultural circumstances which is ultimately passed on into the buyer-seller relationship.

The formulaic nature of signs is important for sociologists. The recognisable structure they follow allow for a reliable medium for sociologists to determine everyday social and cultural consumerist practices signs (Thwaites, 14, 7-). The modern signs of consumption allows a representation of subcultural groups to emerge to sociologists. Due to our repetitive exposure to consumerist signs we are very aware of what sort of texts we witness- almost certainly we realise this before we start due to their visible structure. Signs suggest ways in which they may be read as they cue certain codes for interpreting them signs (Thwaites, 14, 11). Signs establish a complex set of expectations which may thwart as much to satisfy the expectations of the consumer. This is meaningful as different cultural groups would consequently act differently to the predicability or unexpected sign elements.

Joanna Finkelstein demonstrates within "Slaves of Chic, an A- Z of consumer pleasures" that signs of our consumerist culture alter lifestyles and consequently they are sociologically meaningful society. Long term commercial decisions are made on our consumerist habits- our tastes no longer are from our making, rather have been formed through advertising workshops (Finkelstein, Slaves of Chic, an A- Z of consumer pleasures , 14, ix-xiii). It is evident that the consumer products are clearly signposts, signals of cultural and social circumstances which sociologists should be aware of. Finkelstein uses two separate, but similarly valid examples of the Filofax and the culture of exercise.

The Filofax has been marketed as a useful product to keep better records where immediacy of knowledge and control is a primal feature. What sociologists can witness is societies weakening of memory, the prevention of mental links and the taking for granted of habits and practices (Finkelstein, 14, x-xi). Sociologists can gain meaning from the fact that socially people have lost control, lost purpose for actions whilst subliminally, choices are no longer their's to control. Therefore the Filofax is a sign as it represents the endemic dependence of society on learned and acquired desires, pre-defined by advertisers.

Sociologists study cultural trends and the signs which inform and construct these trends. Consequently, an understanding of the base for the trends is needed. Finkelstein attributes the rise of exercise culture to the convergence of physical shapes of men and women, and a consequent sexual desire to differentiate between the homogeneity of body forms (Finkelstein, 14, 7-).

Finkelstein labels exercise as a sign to explain the use of lycra gym wear as an exaggeration of the sexualised gender which defines the gender distinctive body (Finkelstein, 14, 8-). Therefore, exercise culture is meaningful to sociologists as they can explain the newly cultivated sexuality of modern society. We must consider signs, such as exercise, meaningful, particularly to sociologists, as they represent a new culture within society which is concerned with public image (Finkelstein, 14, 10).

Madonna, a self made celebrity, reveals the importance of signs as she herself acts as one. When she as a singer-songwriter-actress-model is examined sociologically she gives meaning to issues of female empowerment in patriarchal industries whilst simultaneously providing meaning to the Madonna based culture that surrounds her (Tetzlaff, The Madonna Connection, 1, -56). What is important is how Madonna culture, has reduced her music to an irrelevancy. Fans and critics alike infrequently comment on music rather than on her image and lifestyle choices. Tetzlaff tries to provide meaning for this phenomenon of Madonna's public longevity (Tetzlaff, 1, 41). His argument boils down to her ability to 'retool herself and (her) screen persona' whilst leaving no consistent point for fan attachments (Tetzlaff, 1, 4-4). Madonna acts as a sign of individual power in a highly competitive market.

Tetzlaff, throughout his account of Madonna, supports the debate of John Fiske, that Madonna ultimately is a sign as she produces meaning for her fan base (Tetzlaff, 1, 4-45). The Madonna image provides her young female fans with semiotic tools to create a self understanding, thus breaking from patriarchal society. Therefore some of her personal autonomy ultimately is transferred to her fans. The themes of Madonna's life, whilst not vocalised in her films or music can be seen in a 'metatextual narrative' of her management of her own career, her quest for fame and independence from the patriarchy of America (Tetzlaff, 1, 48-56).

Therefore, signs are important for sociologists as their consumption in contemporary culture provides trends for studies. Different social and cultural groups interacting with said signs similarly provide information about consumerist trends for sociological studies.

References

Berger, J. 17 Ways of Seeing, Penguin, London. Chapter 7.

Finkelstein, J. 14 Slaves of Chic, an A- Z of consumer pleasures, Minerva. Kew. Introduction and Exercise.

Tetzlaff, D. 1 Metatextual Girl patriarchy. Postmodernism, power, money in C. Schwichtenberg (ed) The Madonna Connection, Allen and Unwin, Sydney.

Thwaites, T. Et al. 14 Tools for Cultural Studies, an introduction, Macmillian, Melbourne, Chapter 1 & .

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Shakespeare's Othello-the emotions of othello

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The Emotions of Othello

The motion of this play was based on the relationship or the friendships between Othello, Iago, and Cassio. Although the women in this book played a large role in adding to the vengeful, powerful feel in this play, it all ceased from the relationship between the three men. This play was filled with many different emotions, given by each of the characters when they interacted with each other. The emotions that mainly evolved in this play were Power, jealousy, revenge and very questionable love between the characters. This story shows how power is such a strong desire of people, that some will stop at nothing to get it and hurting people is an option if they have to do it.

This all began with Othello, who is the main character in this book. Othello was a Moor and a General in the Venetian army. He was a very powerful man who made large decisions, one decision which he made changed his life forever. Othello was very trustworthy and trusted. He had so much trust in the people that he was close to, that it affected his life and he believed many things that he should not have. Because of an overabundance of trust and belief in others, this caused him to become a rageful, jealous man. All of his better characteristics were pushed aside deep down in his soul and allowed the worst to get the best of him. All of this jealous rage in Othello came from the lies that the manipulative, evil Iago had told Othello of his wife Desdemona. Iago is Othellos standard-bearer and he came to hate him, which led Iago to set up Othello and make him pay by destroying his love for his wife Desdemona. Iago had become jealous towards Cassio and vengeful against Othello. He had became this way when Othello appointed Cassio as Lieutenant in the army and not him. Iago felt that he deserved that position as Lieutenant more than Cassio did. Iago also felt that Othello chose Cassio over him for that position because of the friendship between the two.

Cassio is a dear friend of Othello and Desdemona. Cassio was friends with Othello before he came to meet Desdemona. Cassio is the person who got Othello and Desdemona together. Othello and Cassio can be looked at as best friends. Since them being friends for so long, the relationship between Cassio and Othello would be expected to be very close and trusting towards on another. Although, what happens in this play questions the friendship between Cassio and Othello. In theory, Cassio not only received that position because he was a close friend of Othello, but because he was more educated, better looking and more skilled than Iago was.

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The whole downfall of Othello and Iago is caused when the evil and manipulative one goes and tells Othello a lie about Desdemona. Iago feels that the only way to destroy Othello is to destroy the relationship between him and his wife and the friendship between Cassio and Othello. It is known that Desdemona is Othellos strength and she makes him what he is and he is nothing without her. Iago thinks that if he can destroy their relationship that Othello will automatically become weak and feel that he has nothing to live for and just give up. He tries to destroy the friendship between Cassio and Othello, so that he can take the title of the Lieutenant away from him, and probably be left with no choice but to give that title to Iago. Basically, that is two strikes in one with Othello and will most likely have him to fall and loose his power. What Iago does to complete this mission is that he tells Othello that his loving innocent wife is having an affair with his appointed lieutenant and close friend Cassio. He tried to lead Othello to believe the two were having an affair in Act . sc. . Iago says to Othello to make him suspect they are having an affair Look to your wife; obsevere her well with Cassio,..

At first, Othello does not believe that the love of his life Desdemona would commit such an unfaithful act, and he asks Iago for proof. In Act . Sc. , Iago says to Othello I speak not yet of proof. At that time, Iago had no proof. Iago went on and on about how Desdemona is flirtatious and how she was not what Othello thought she was, but yet Othello still did not believe him. Of course the idea never left his mind about what Iago lied to him, but it was not a fact to him. The thing that sparked the situation between Othello and Desdemona was when he caught Cassio with the handkerchief. This handkerchief had sentimental meanings between the two of them. Othello gave Desdemona this handkerchief when they first meant to express his love for her, or just his feelings. His mother gave it to him and he gave it to her. When he saw Cassio with that same handkerchief, he though that Desdemona gave it to Cassio, which made him become enraged with jealousy and suspicion. What really happened was that Desdemona misplaced that handkerchief, and Emilia recovered it and she was not going to return it. She gave it to Iago, and Iago gave it to Cassio. That is why Othello saw him with the handkerchief. After that Cassio gave it to Bianca and told her to make a copy of it, and that someone would be back to claim it. Othello spoke to Desdemona while lying on her deathbed about the handkerchief. He mentions to her in Act 5. sc That handkerchief Which I so loved, and gave thee, thou gavst to Cassio. He immediatley accused her of giving it to Cassio, by jumping to conclusions. She told him it was not so and he asked her where it was and she could not tell him, and this made him even more enraged, and he though she was lying.

Othello from this point on continually blamed his innocent wife for committing an unfaithful act, but he never came out and asked her if she had or was having an affair with Cassio. Othello had called Desdemona a whore in Act 5. sc. Out strumpet. This point here shows that Othellos trust was not as strong as readers may have thought it was. There was a lack of communication between the two at this time, because if there really was communication between them, then he would have asked her about it, and Cassio as well. There was also a lack of communication between Cassio and Othello. If they had a good friendship, they should have had a good communication level, which they could not of have or Othello would have asked him about the accused affair between Desdemona and Cassio. He never confronted Desdemona about the rumor, or Cassio. If their friendship was really that tight, ten he should have confronted him about it as well. Then again, maybe Othello was just so upset and hurt that any solution to this problem may have been blocked out of his mind. Although he did jump to conclusions about this whole situation, but I guess at that time everything was coming together about that thought, but it was all occurring just coincidentally. At this time, Othellos characteristics towards these characters had become questionable. It was like was her really the things that he was supposed to be to them. Did he really trust Desdemona enough to believe that she would cheat on him? Were him and Cassio such good friends for him to think that Cassio would do such a thing to him? Was Iago really not a trustworthy person, because Othello did not believe him in the beginning, but the though never left his mind. For Othello to believe Iago, before even questioning Cassio or Desdemona shows that Othello allowed Iago to manipulate him. Othello became weak and allowed Iago turn him into what he became, which lead to the death of his wife and himself. Not to mention the death of Emilia, wife of Iago and Desdemonas mistress.

Iago started all of this chaos with no good intentions at all. All of this was one great big set up and all planned out. Although Iago was looked upon as the evil one in this story, I think he was cool. I think that because he in a way he had the power to hypnotize people and made them believe everything that he said. Not only that, but most of the things that he set up went the way he wanted them too, making his whole plan successful. If they were dumb enough to let him do that to them all, then I dont see why he would have stopped. I guess that is the way that he though of the situation. If they believe every lie that I tell them, to get what I want I am going to continue to lie to them. That was the though of Iago, but it only ended up affecting him at the end of the play. He did get the satisfaction of manipulating Othello, Cassio and other characters, and causing chaos throughout the book. He at one point became the center of attraction, but at the end he seemed to pay for it all, not physically but mentally. Taking the lives of innocent people, just for power and out of revenge and jealousy. He was so desperate for power that he stopped at nothing to get it. He was satisfied at the end of the play, but he was forever going to live miserably, because of all the confusion that he cause, all the hearts he had broke, and all the lies that he had told. Othello before he killed himself tells Iago in other words that he will have to live with what he did, and Iagos response to that was Demand me nothing. What you know, you know. From this time forth, I will never speak word (Act5. sc.). What he meant by this was that whoever was involved with what went on are the only people who will ever know about it, because from that time on, he will act as if nothing ever happened.

The relationship between these characters have played an important role in the motion of this story. There was lack of several factors in these relationships, which caused the actions that took place. Many of these actions which were very dangerous and life threatening. Due to the fact that these relationships were so questionable, they caused these characters to act in different ways creating the endless motions of revenge, jealousy and hatred between them all. These feelings which never were discovered until the climax of the play, had to have always been there deep inside these characters towards one another. Although there is still a question about that. The question that stil remains is were these feelings really rooted in these characters towards one another, or did certain actions taken by them cause these feelings to come out against them? The relationships between them have changed over the course of time, and this was only caused due to the actions that these characters have taken. Friendships can seriously be dangerous if there is a struggle for power between each of the friends. A person will do anything for power, even if it means hurting others.

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Napster

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1.0Brief history, developments, and growth of Napster

Having witnessed his college room mate's frustration in trading MP audio files over the internet, Shawn Fanning had a vision where people could share their music with one another over the internet by using a peer to peer network coordinated by a central server. This was the central idea in the development of a service that became known as Napster. Fanning's uncle incorporated the company in May 1 and began to secure capital investment. After initial development and testing the program was launched and the service's use grew exponentially, particularly among university students with access to high speed internet connections. In a short period of time Napster grew to over thirty million users' world wide.

Initially Napster needed to secure sufficient capital, develop a profitable business model and prepare for challenges from the RIAA. Napster was able to secure successive injections of capital from high profile investors and establish operations in 'Silicone Valley'. It also sought legal counsel that provided encouraging feedback should the company be sued. In September 1 Eileen Richardson was appointed as CEO, the first in a number of managerial changes made in the short history of Napster.

Napster faced challenges from a number of fronts. Firstly the universities, whose network capacities were increasingly be utilised by Napster users, began to ban the service. Secondly, after discussions broke down, the RIAA and several artists commenced legal proceedings claiming copyright infringements, and in July 000 the service was order to shut down by the courts (a decision later upheld by the Supreme Court). Napster then began to look to modify it strategic business plan and establish cooperative alliances and revenue sharing arrangements with the music labels.

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.0 Strategic Problem(s)/Issue(s)

After evaluating the case information it is evident that the underlying strategic problems are apparent on a number of fronts. stem from Napster's failure to clearly define its mission, values and goals in order to maximise shareholders' returns.

a weak analysis of Napster's internal and external environment. As a result, Napster's business model lacked certain factors and strategies, which ultimately led to the organisation's demise.(STRATEGIC PLAN)

More specifically, the organisation did not take into consideration internal factors such as selecting appropriate personnel, developing strong corporate and business level strategies, and designing an organisational structure and control systems. Additionally Napster failed to examine the external forces, such as legal and ethical factors. These factors will be considered and evaluated in further depth in the subsequent sections.

.0Internal Strengths and Weaknesses

.1Strengths

Tangible Resources

„XFinancial resources substantial funding from investors

„XPhysical resources workspace in 'Silicon Valley' and computer systems and software

„XHuman resources high-calibre employees and founders (e.g. Shawn Fanning; Jordan Ritter; Sean Parker; John Fanning)

„XOrganisational resources flat hierarchical structure, customer projections (i.e. pilot program distributed to small number of people)

Intangible resources

„XTechnology the human capital of the organisation possessed significant technological skills and knowledge

„XInnovation Napster was the first organisation to use a central server, whereby individual users had the opportunity to switch MP files

„XBrand Name the organisation's name spread due to word-of-mouth

„XCorporate Culture the organisation's corporate culture induced innovation and placed an emphasis on developing employee relations

.Weaknesses

Napster's main weaknesses include

„XLack of financial plan to adequately use financial resources

„XNo income from users of the program; revenue was acquired via site sponsors

„XChanging leadership

„XLack of policies (i.e. ethical and conduct codes)

4.0External Opportunities and Threats

4.1 Opportunities

Using the PEST (Political/Legal, Economic, Social, Technological) the following opportunities can be identified

„XPolitical/Legal the Copyright Act 176, had a provision for 'fair-use' which allowed the reproduction of copyrighted materials for personal and other uses

„XEconomic Average price of CD's fell by more than 40% while the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose by nearly 60%

„XSocial

-Target market was university students as they were comfortable and educated in using this type of technology

-Ability to expand target market to other cultures/countries, due to a variety of music from various artists/languages

„XTechnological

- Faster Internet connections ¡V especially on university campuses

- Growth of websites such as MP.com

-Introduction of Portable MP players

4. Threats

Using the PEST analysis the following threats can be identified

„XPolitical/Legal the Copyright Act 176, the Racketeering Influence and Corrupt Organisations Act

„XEconomic

„XSocial ethical implications of stealing an artists legitimate income

„XTechnological due to Napster already developing the idea of using a central server to switch music, potential competitors can utilise this knowledge without the cost of engineering the idea

5.0SWOT Analysis Evaluation

In order to survive in the dynamic business environment present today, organisations must strive to develop a sustainable competitive advantage, and thus stand apart from their competitors. To achieve this, organisations must concentrate on developing capabilities to exploit the resources they possess, in addition to pursuing the generic building blocks of competitive advantage (REFERENCE).

The case information clearly demonstrates that Napster did not concentrate on building a sustainable competitive advantage. Napster's foremost strategic problem was a weak understanding of the internal and external environment. More specifically, the organisation did not develop strategies or capabilities to use their strengths in overcoming weakness and their opportunities to overcome threats. This is evidenced by the following

„XNapster's inability to 'coordinate its resources' to effectively use the unthought-of idea to create file-sharing software, Napster's main resource, led to weakness such as lack of financial planning, to was Napster's essential resource and thus strength. However, Hill & Jones (004) suggests that 'unless an organisation has the capability to use resources effectively, it may not be able to create a distinctive competency'. Napster did not 'coordinate its resources' or it's strengths in order to capitalise its main resource and overcome apparent weaknesses (p.78).

„XDue to lack of capabilities, Napster's other resources including financial; physical; human; organisational; technological; brand image; and cultural resources; were not utilised. For example, Napster was able to attract a number of high-profile investors, yet there is no evidence in the case relating to the efficient use of this capital resource.

„XThe lack of financial strategy (capability) meant that their financial strengths was overcome by their weakness of lack of capability

„X

After evaluating the case information it is evident that the underlying strategic problem stems from a weak analysis of Napster's internal and external environment. As a result, Napster's business model lacked certain factors and strategies, which ultimately led to the organisation's demise.(STRATEGIC PLAN)

Put something in somewhere about Napster not developing the General Business Competencies that they needed. 1) Entrepreneurial Capabilities. ) Capabilities of developing effective organisational structure and control systems. ) Superior strategic capabilities

Secondly, although a number of opportunities were identified in the previous section, Napster's poor analysis of threats led to their inability to take advantage of opportunities. For example, the poor analysis of the a poor analysis of the external opportunities and threats as well as lack of strategies, led Napster

6.0 Corporate-level Strategy

Napster failed to observe a number of critical steps in the formal strategic planning process where its mission, values and goals were concerned.

Napster's mission fell out of Shawn Fanning's 'epiphany' of a world in which people could share their music with each other over the internet. Fanning's vision extended on the application of 'peer to peer' (PP) networks such as the World Wide Web and SETI@home.

No clear company values have been identified in the case. Values are seen as the corner stone of a company's organisational culture. This could manifest itself as degenerative moral and/or ethical behaviour by company management and employees. This is evidenced through the 'morally deplorable distribution of equity' when John Fanning incorporated Napster without Shawn Fanning's knowledge. Additionally there is little evidence of Napster's respect for its stakeholders interests insofar as inputs are concerned. Napster clearly disregarded the interests of the musicians whose songs would be distributed on the service.

The case does not identify any of Napster's goals or objectives which are paramount if the company is to move towards its stated mission/vision. Without such goals the company had no means of quantifying its success or the performance of the managerial team. While it was capable of attracting significant capital input, the company did not appear to have devised the means to provide a profitable return on this investment.

Napster found itself in an embryonic market niche with no significant competition. This resulted in the company pursuing an 'Internal New Venturing' corporate strategy as there was no option to acquire an established business already in possession of the distinctive competency that Shawn Fanning had produced.

5.0Business-level Strategy

Napster had very little clear business level strategies, however from the evidence it can be said that the business followed a strategy of Focused differentiation. Napster was a hard case to apply business level strategies because they did not directly sell a product to a consumer. The only revenue earned was from advertising upon the sites, their real customer then was the marketing teams of those firms that brought advertising space upon their sites; however for the purpose of this case we will ignore this fact from outside the case study.

There is evidence that Napster did create a product which was perceived by the ¡§customers¡¨ to be unique. Innovation was the major competitive advantage that Napster benefited from. The product was unique and originally developed to meet customers needs (responsiveness). It is evident that the company was following a strategy of Differentiation. It is noted however that Napster did not charge a premium price and actually did not charge a price at all. Napster did strive to achieve a unique highly desired product that is constituent with the differentiation strategy but simply chose not to pursue financial gain through this strategy.

There was also another strategy being followed by the company, even if it was not deliberate. It was one of Focus. The strategy was not pushed from the company but actually pulled by the product itself. The company would have liked to say that there product was used by a wide variety of customers across a wide cross section of demographics. The product inevitably found its way into a small market segment of e-customers that were 'comfortable' in the use of MP technology, had the time to search for them and the means to download them with relative ease. The Market was focused, mainly upon university students and the statement that 60% of the customer pool dried up when Universities banned the service is evidence of this. Napster also served a part of the Market that no other competitor could serve adequately. Shawn Fanning had originally designed the product for a friend that had trouble finding the music he wanted off of the internet. No other music or MP provider who worked through the internet had ever thought of Shawn Fanning's idea and as he decided to develop this product for his friend he also, unknowingly, decided to peruse a Focused differentiation strategy.

6.0Organisation Structure and Control Systems

Very little is known about Napster's Organisational Structure. From the case we know that there was a CEO, a Board of Directors and 50 employees in total.

The type of structure and control system that would have been to the advantage of Napster would have been one that helped promote their need for innovation and flexibility. We recommend a Flat, non hierarchical organisational structure. There is a need for communication and feedback to support the innovation process through out the organisation. We need to put in a section about what kind of control systems to use here.

Recommendations/Conclusions

In the possibility that another company like Napster was ever to begin operation, we give the following recommendations. Give due analysis to the internal and external weaknesses and treats. Create a corporate and business level strategy that allows and promotes continual organisational growth and prosperity. Consider the network and industry that you must operate within and make sure that the activity of the firm do not disrupt or destroy the activities of the other members within the industry you rely upon.

Develop all of the general Organisational competencies instead of focusing upon one.

Please note that this sample paper on Napster is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Napster, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Napster will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Vladimir Lennin

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Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870-14)

Vladimir Lenin was a Russian revolutionary that was the founder of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). He was also the leader of its first government. He was born April , 1870, in the city of Simbirsk that is now called Ulyanovsk. Lenins father, Ilya Nikolayevich, was a talented man who loved science. He taught mathematics and physics at various schools in the cities of Penza and Nizhni Novgorod. In 186 he was appointed inspector and director of state schools in Simbirsk Gubernia. It is located on the famous Russian river, the Volga. He spent his childhood in Simbirsk and lived in Simbirsk for 17 years.

Lenin's first problem with the law was in 1887 when the police arrested and hanged his elder brother for plotting to assassinate Czar Alexander III. Later that year Lenin enrolled in Kazan University now Kazan State University. He was expelled as a troublemaker and exiled to his grandfathers estate in the village of Kokushkino. From 1887 to 1888, Lenin studied the classics of European revolutionary thought and Das Kapital that was written by German political philosopher Karl Marx. He soon considered himself a Marxist. Lenin studied law and passed his law examinations in 181. He worked as a lawyer for the poor in the City of Samara before moving to St. Petersburg in 18.

In St. Petersburg Lenin joined a Marxist group. In 185 he helped create the St. Petersburg Union that was working for the struggle of the emancipation of the working Class. Police arrested the leaders of this group and Lenin was put into jail for 15 months along with other union members. One of those in prison with Lenin was Nadezhda Krupskaya who later became Lenin's wife. Lenin went with his wife into Siberian exile until 100. One year later he changed his name from V.I. Ulyanov to V.I. Lenin to confuse the police.

After Vladimir's exile ended in January 100, he got permission from the government to leave Russia. He left Russia and was joined later by Krupskaya in Munich, Germany. Lenin, along with Georgy Plekhanov, Yury Martov, Paul Axelrod, Vera Zasulich and Alexandr Potresov helped found the party newspaper, Iskra. The editors of Iskra also published Zarya. This was a publication about Marxist theory. In 101 Vladimir Ulyanov began using the name Lenin. Many revolutionaries changed their names to confuse the police.

Iskra's success in recruiting Russian intellectuals to Marxism led Lenin and his comrades to believe that the time was right to form a revolutionary Marxist party that would bring together all of the Marxist groups. A First Congress meeting was held in 188 in Minsk. It had failed to achieve its objective, as most of the delegates were arrested shortly after the Congress. The organizing committee of the Second Congress decided to hold the Congress in Brussels in 10, but pressure from the police forced it to be transferred to London. The Congressional sessions lasted for nearly three weeks. The main points centered on the relation between the party and the proletariat who were the working class.

In 10, the Russian Social Democratic labor party split into two groups. This happened over a dispute about membership. Lenin became the leader of the Bloshinstvo. This was the majority of the members. Lenin's group later became known as the Bolsheviks. The other group was known as Menshinstvo. They were the minority. They were also known as the Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks wanted to limit the party membership to a small number of full-time revolutionaries. The Mensheviks wanted fewer restrictions on party membership and preferred democratic practices. Lenin once stated, Give us an organization of revolutionaries, and we will overturn Russia!

The differences between Lenin and the Mensheviks became clearer in the Revolution of 105 and its aftermath. During the outbreak of the revolution, in January 105, Lenin was in Switzerland. He did not return to Russia until November. On November 8, he returned to St. Petersburg where he directed the activities of both the Central and St Petersburg Bolshevik Committees. He also prepared for an armed uprising. The intensity of the police forced Lenin to flee to Finland in the summer of 106.

From 106 to 108, Lenin spent most of his time writing revolutionary pamphlets. He also was attending party Congresses in England, Germany, and Sweden. Lenin found it too difficult to carry on revolutionary activities in Russia. His main purpose was to keep the Bolshevik organization together. In the spring of 107, Lenin attended one of the most critical meetings where he brought his point across with his brutal arguments and strong personality.

In December 108, Lenin arrived in Paris with his wife and mother-in-law. He spent a few nights at a hotel where his sister Maria was staying while pursuing her education. Soon he left to a suburban neighborhood that was quiet and secluded. There they lived the life of gypsies. Lenin set up a printing press for printing magazines to be smuggled to Russia. He also successfully stopped a rebellion in the ranks of the Bolsheviks at the Fifth Conference of the Social Democratic Party. Some of the former revolutionaries didn't like his methods of violence and armed uprising. They wanted to get rid of the left wing of the party and wanted a more tolerant approach to the problems.

In the spring of 110, Lenins troubles increased. He was seen in the company of a woman who was not his wife. Her name was Elisabeth Armand. She was a mother of five children and a woman of great charm. Elisabeth was known for her adventures and Lenin saw her as a tried and devoted revolutionary. She had worked as a messenger for the Bolsheviks and was arrested many times and was exiled for two years.

In April 11, in St Petersburg, several Bolsheviks established Pravda (Truth). This was a revolutionary newspaper that sold openly and Lenin became its chief contributor.

World War I began two years later. Germany declared war on Russia onAugust 1, 114. The war took Lenin by surprise. As a Russian living on Austrian soil, Lenin was in a bad situation. He immediately found the assistance from a friend, Ganetsky, who was an Austrian. Ganetsky telegraphed for assistance to a Social Democratic member of parliament in Vienna. He was unable to do anything before the police searched Lenin's house and found a notebook full of diagrams and statistics circled and boxed by Lenin that dealt with his battle plans. He was ordered to take a train and surrender to the police at Nowy Targ. Lenin was later released on August 1. The reason he was released was that Victor Adler, a socialist deputy, met the Interior Minister and convinced him that Lenin was an enemy of the czarist government.

The Austrian Government made Lenin go to Switzerland, which did not take part in the war. The Russian revolutionaries split into two groups. One group favored a Russian victory. The group headed by Lenin, worked for Russia's defeat. Through these opposing groups they both aimed for the goal of world revolution. After the war began, Germany supplied money to some revolutionaries including Lenin. The Germans thought the revolutionaries would weaken the Russian war effort. In 115, Lenin promised the Germans that if he came to power that he would sign a peace treaty.

On September 5, 115, Lenin attended an international socialist conference requested by the Italian Socialist Party at Zimmerwald. It is near Berne. In a short manifesto signed by eight delegates, he proposed a new slogan, civil war, not civil peace." He also put forward some new ideas but they were defeated. In January 116 Lenin went with Krupskaya to live in Zurich.

In 117, Russia was losing the war. Russian workers went on strike and by March , about 00,000 strikers were protesting in the capital. The soldiers refused to maintain order and the Soviet workers and soldiers had sprung up in Russia during the revolution of 105. On March 1, 117, a group called the "Soviet of Workers" and "Soldiers Deputies" was established in Petrograd.

Czar Nicholas II gave up the throne on March 15, and a democratic government was established. The Petrograd Soviet shared control of Russia with the Government. The Bolsheviks demanded all power to the Soviets.

In May 1 Lenin suffered the first of his strokes. A little less than a year later he suffered a second one. Lenin wanted to make sure that Trotsky rather than Stalin would succeed him. Lenin was unsuccessful, as Stalin was far too clever for Lenin. In 1 his health got worse and he had another stroke which left him paralysed and speechless. Lenin never fully recovered and died of a cerebral haemorrhage (stroke) on January 1, 14. The dream of Lenin continued on in the form of the U.S.S.R. but his dream lost out in the l80s to freedom and democracy.

Time Line

1870Born in the town of Simbirsk on April 10 (New Style, April ).

187Entered school for the first time.

January 4, 1886Vladimirs father died.

1887Vladimir finished schooling.Won a gold medal for excellence in studies.Enrolled in the law school at Kazan University.

180Admitted to St. Petersburg University but was not allowed to attend classes.

181Received a law degree from St. Petersburg University.

18Joined a Marxist organization.

185Founded the fighting Alliance for the working class in St Petersburg.

187Was deported to Siberia.

July , 188Married Nadezhda Krupskaya.

100-105Vladimir's first period of exile from Russia.

100The first issue of the newspaper Iskra edited by Vladimir was published. He covered the question of Finnish independence.

101Began using the name Lenin.

10Lenin became the leader of the Bolshevics.

105The first revolution attempted in Russia. Lenin met Stalin for the first time.

106Intensified police persecution forced him to Finland.

107Lenin took part in several party conferences in Finland. He lived in secrecy near Helsinki and later fled.

December 108Lenin reached Paris.

110Lenin seen in the company of Elisabeth Armand.

11Became Pravada's chief contributor.

August 8,114Arrested at Nowy Targ.

August 1,114Lenin was released.

September 5,115Attended the Zimmerwald conference.

117The second Revolution in Russia, known as the February Revolution. The Bourgeoisie and the working class united to dethrone the Czar.

April117Lenin returned to dethrone the Czar.

November 7,117Lenin returned to St Petersburg.

December 1, 117The Soviet government recognized the independence of Finland.

March118The Red Treaty between the Socialist Republic of Finland and the Soviet Republic of Russia was signed. Cordial relations between the two countries were established.

August118Lenin survived an assassination bid by Dora Kaplan, but was wounded.

11Organized Communist parties all over the world.

11Introduced the New Economic Policy.

118-Lenin led the Soviet government.

May 1Lenin suffered a stroke.

January 1,14Lenin died of the fourth stroke, caused by the hardening of arteries in the brain.

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Water polo

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Water Polo

So many days I have spent doing something that my future doesn't hold in store for me, such as soccer, basketball, and baseball, just to name a few. All that time I always knew that I was an athlete. There was so much talent that my little body possessed, but I just couldn't come up with the right way to use it. While I always had fun playing those sports, there was always something missing. I loved the camaraderie, the leadership, the team bonding, and I even loved the discipline, I just never had the love for the sport. I never had the desire to go into my backyard by myself and practice to the point of keeling over. My father always told me that if I wanted to go anywhere in sports, that is what I ha to do. I tried to take his advice but I would end up being outside for ten minutes and get bored. I started to give up, maybe sports are just something that would act as a high school activity and that would be the end of it. Luckily for me, that whole idea ended because of my sophomore swim class.

I had always hated swimming. I hated to get into the water and swim laps. My entire body would be sore and I felt like I was getting nowhere. There was no ball for me to play with, and no goal for me to reach. It always seemed completely and utterly pointless. That is one of the reasons that I wasn't excited at all about swim class. Sure my friends were there with me, but if I wanted to get a good grade I couldn't goof around. So the first day we did laps, this is great I thought the same old boring stuff. The second day we did laps again. I was bored out of my mind; it was just another thing that I was doing that I won't in my future. Finally we started to do more things. We started to play some games such as water volleyball and under water hockey. I finally started to have fun, but the real fun didn't start until the first day that we played water polo.

Write a research paper on water polo

I remember thinking to myself that it was going to be another boring thing. You can't move fast in the water, and you can't stand when you are throwing the ball making it harder to throw faster. We practiced some techniques such as dribbling and shooting. That is when I realized that there was actually something to the game, it definitely wasn't easy. In order to dribble I had to keep the ball in front of me and swim free style causing splashes to push the ball forward. I was only allowed to ever touch the ball with one hand at a time. The ball was wet and slippery making the technique very difficult to grasp onto. When shooting, I couldn't touch the ground with my feet which made it more difficult to aim and throw hard. The more we learned, the more difficult it was.

I was having so much fun in my water polo class that I began to regain some hope. I thought maybe there is actually something that I can use my athletic ability on. I couldn't wait to learn more about the sport.

I went straight home and decided to do some research. I couldn't believe all the different associations that I found. There were so many names that I couldn't keep track. There were even some places that I could join to enhance my skill level. There is the USA Water Polo INC, the Collegiate Water Polo Association, the Australian Water Polo INC, the National Water Polo League, the New Zealand Water Polo Association, and many more.

I also learned that water sports first became a very popular thing in England. Many people loved to spend their days at the pool doing something that wasn't competitive but more recreational. Gradually various versions of land sports started to be played in the water. There was water football (or soccer), water rugby, water handball, and water polo. Water polo in this case however was when men would ride on wooden barrels and strike a pall with a stick, much like the game of horse polo.

Out of all of sports, under water rugby became the most popular. In this version of rugby, the object was for a player to have both hands on the ball and touch it to a post on the other side of the pool. This game was actually very violent and many men got injured. The game was full of contact, and as the game progressed fights began to occur away from the ball, and as the game is in the water many men passed out due to lack of oxygen. This game for some reason had a link with water polo and as a result it back then was called water polo.

In 1877 the Scottish took the game and made a more modernized version. They introduced the idea of having goals instead of just posts and the prohibited the idea of tackling. This turned the game into a much less contact and safer sport. The Scottish version helped to give emphasis to the idea of team work. Many concepts had to be introduced and practiced to perfection. Such concepts include passing, shooting, and swimming speed.

The first American water polo team wasn't created until about 1888. The team was started in Boston but soon the sport spread to various swim clubs and in some places around New York. The American water polo game was very different than the Scottish. They played in small indoor pools and as a result passing wasn't emphasized and the game started to take on a form very similar to that of American football. The American game became almost even rougher than the original English version had been.

Different versions of water polo started to spread around America. There was even a type of softball water polo. However this version wasn't as popular as the original version and it was soon dropped.

When water polo reached a certain popularity goal, the AAU took over creating tournaments all over America. This idea seemed great at the time but then that year in the national championship tournament, the semi-final game between the New York Athletic Club and the Chicago Athletic Association resulted in a major fight and because of it, the AAU dropped water polo all together.

In 114 water polo teams all around America and the AAU decided to come up with national rules for the game. This gave them a greater advantage to have the game be a national competitive sport and also a chance for more tournaments to be produced. After this the AAU decided to start conducting national championships once again. However some groups kept on playing the unaccepted softball version.

A man named James R. Smith helped to create a different type of ball then the leather soccer ball that they were originally using. He created a new ball that had a cotton covering of rubber fabric to keep the ball from becoming heavier from absorbing too much water. The new ball also helped to keep the ball less slippery as it allowed for more grip in the course of the game.

The new ball helped to create a higher scoring game and also a faster game; as a result of this the new ball was adopted all around the world. It was even accepted into the 156 Olympics as the official ball.

In 177 the AAU was replaced with another group called the U.S. Water Polo, Inc.

Women were not as accepted into the game of water polo. They started to play it early in the 10s, however the sport was considered to be too rough for women as the proper sport we have now was not yet created. People thought that women would not be able to handle the contact and that it would result in more sustaining injuries. Because of the level of roughness water polo for women was dropped by colleges and clubs. However the AAU began conducting women's national championships in 161.

Women's water polo quickly spread mostly into California and Florida. In fact, most of the top teams since the early 170s have come from those states.

Since 186 there has been a women's championship held by the Federation Internationale de natation amateur (FINA) as part of the World Aquatic Games.

There were also a lot more rules of the game that I wasn't familiar with yet. I learned that the game had to be played in a pool that is at least 5 feet, 11 inches deep. This is because it makes it much harder for the players to be able to stand up. The whole idea creates a much more difficult game creating the need to be very physically fit. The goal is supposed to be feet, 10 inches high and at least feet above the water. The goal looks almost exactly the same as a soccer or hockey goal would look like. There are two bars going vertically from the ground and one bar connected to them horizontally.

For the men and women there are different regulations for the sizes of the pool. The men's pool is 8 feet long and 65 feet wide. The women's pool is 8 feet long and 56 feet wide. The women's pool is smaller because it is thought that it makes it easier for women. In my opinion women don't need the smaller pool because of physical fitness. A professional woman athlete would definitely be able to play in a men's pool or even just a fit woman athlete. However because women aren't as strong as men, it makes for a higher scoring, faster, and more exciting game.

Games are divided into four quarters. Usually they range within 5 to 8 minutes in length depending upon what level of play the game is played at. If there is a tie there may be two periods of overtime with a length of minutes each. If the game is still tied after the two periods the game will keep going into overtime until there is a final goal scored making the decision.

There are seven players on each team including the goalie. The teams are differentiated by the color of the caps that are worn on their heads. This is the same idea of having color uniforms in land sports just as basketball, soccer, and rugby. However because of agility and speed purposes, body uniforms are not good in the water and capes seemed like the better solution. The goalie wears a red cap so that they aren't mistaken for regular players. Usually the cap also has a number 1 on it in either white or blue.

The game starts with the ball being put in the middle of the pool. When the whistle is blown both teams race to the center or 'sprint' to the center to gain possession of the ball.

There are different types of ways to progress with the ball. One may either dribble or pass the ball. When a player is trying to dribble they are to swim forward with the ball in front of them, creating waves that move the ball forward. They are never to touch the ball with two hands or the whistle will blow and the other team will gain possession. This is true for every player except for the goalie who can hold it with two hands. When players are on defense they can't interfere with a players movements unless the player is still and holding the ball.

When passing the ball, again you may not hold the ball with two hands and you may not pass while you are standing on the floor. This further enhances the fitness level, needing your upper body to be stronger in order to create harder, sharper passes to other teammates.

If a player fails to follow the rules, depending upon how bad the offense was, action will be taken by the referees. For small fouls such as touching the ball with two hands, or throwing the ball while standing in place the whistle will be blown and the other team will get a free pass to a teammate to advance them forward. The person taking the free throw may either pass or dribble forward; however at least two players must touch the ball after a free throw if a goal is to be scored.

For an major fouls occur such as contact fouls, and bad sportsmanlike fouls a person can be penalized by having one minute in the penalty box, and just like in basketball a player is removed from the game after committing five personal fouls. If a foul occurs near the goal that prevented scoring a penalty shot can be taken from the 4-meter line.

Of course even with all these rules there are still ways to be disrespectful, because of this they have a code of conduct. Each individual and team must abide by this code or the team or person can be penalized. One rule is that unless there is warm up space provided teams should not enter the deck area until after the game is finished. Another rule is that athletes are not allowed to change on the deck, they must use the changing rooms, and they can't bring any of their equipment out onto the deck, it must stay in the changing room or next to the team bench. Players have to present themselves in a respectful manner which is why all use of profanity is prohibited in the facility. The teams must all have warm up suits, if the team is on deck no street clothes can be worn and all teams must wear caps during warm ups to show what team they are on and also for hygiene reasons. And another very important rule of conduct is that all players must not criticize the officials publicly before, during, or after the game.

This code does not only apply to the players but the coaches also have their special code. Coaches also must not use profanity in the facilities and also should not criticize the referees. Coaches should hold discussions with the officials after a game and should be in a private area where no spectators, players, and administrators can be involved. Coaches also have a dress code on deck. They must wear a collared shirt with nice shoes or sandals and nice pants or shorts. No jeans and t-shirts should be worn. Also out of respect for the hosts of games and tournaments they are to write a letter of appreciation to the host's athletic director.

I learned so much through my research online. The game is one which you need to be there physically as well as mentally. It is like all other sports a game where hard work and determination is needed as well as a high fitness and athletic ability. Even though the sport is not as well known through out the world it is constantly growing and becoming more popular with not only adults and college students but also with young children. With the rapid growth of the sport it is expected to become more popular, with more television time and news paper reports. Hopefully by the time that I am a professional the sport will have raised to a very respectable level where the rules and regulations as well as the emotions are known all through out the world.

Please note that this sample paper on water polo is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on water polo, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on water polo will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!