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Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870-14)
Vladimir Lenin was a Russian revolutionary that was the founder of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). He was also the leader of its first government. He was born April , 1870, in the city of Simbirsk that is now called Ulyanovsk. Lenins father, Ilya Nikolayevich, was a talented man who loved science. He taught mathematics and physics at various schools in the cities of Penza and Nizhni Novgorod. In 186 he was appointed inspector and director of state schools in Simbirsk Gubernia. It is located on the famous Russian river, the Volga. He spent his childhood in Simbirsk and lived in Simbirsk for 17 years.
Lenin's first problem with the law was in 1887 when the police arrested and hanged his elder brother for plotting to assassinate Czar Alexander III. Later that year Lenin enrolled in Kazan University now Kazan State University. He was expelled as a troublemaker and exiled to his grandfathers estate in the village of Kokushkino. From 1887 to 1888, Lenin studied the classics of European revolutionary thought and Das Kapital that was written by German political philosopher Karl Marx. He soon considered himself a Marxist. Lenin studied law and passed his law examinations in 181. He worked as a lawyer for the poor in the City of Samara before moving to St. Petersburg in 18.
In St. Petersburg Lenin joined a Marxist group. In 185 he helped create the St. Petersburg Union that was working for the struggle of the emancipation of the working Class. Police arrested the leaders of this group and Lenin was put into jail for 15 months along with other union members. One of those in prison with Lenin was Nadezhda Krupskaya who later became Lenin's wife. Lenin went with his wife into Siberian exile until 100. One year later he changed his name from V.I. Ulyanov to V.I. Lenin to confuse the police.
After Vladimir's exile ended in January 100, he got permission from the government to leave Russia. He left Russia and was joined later by Krupskaya in Munich, Germany. Lenin, along with Georgy Plekhanov, Yury Martov, Paul Axelrod, Vera Zasulich and Alexandr Potresov helped found the party newspaper, Iskra. The editors of Iskra also published Zarya. This was a publication about Marxist theory. In 101 Vladimir Ulyanov began using the name Lenin. Many revolutionaries changed their names to confuse the police.
Iskra's success in recruiting Russian intellectuals to Marxism led Lenin and his comrades to believe that the time was right to form a revolutionary Marxist party that would bring together all of the Marxist groups. A First Congress meeting was held in 188 in Minsk. It had failed to achieve its objective, as most of the delegates were arrested shortly after the Congress. The organizing committee of the Second Congress decided to hold the Congress in Brussels in 10, but pressure from the police forced it to be transferred to London. The Congressional sessions lasted for nearly three weeks. The main points centered on the relation between the party and the proletariat who were the working class.
In 10, the Russian Social Democratic labor party split into two groups. This happened over a dispute about membership. Lenin became the leader of the Bloshinstvo. This was the majority of the members. Lenin's group later became known as the Bolsheviks. The other group was known as Menshinstvo. They were the minority. They were also known as the Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks wanted to limit the party membership to a small number of full-time revolutionaries. The Mensheviks wanted fewer restrictions on party membership and preferred democratic practices. Lenin once stated, Give us an organization of revolutionaries, and we will overturn Russia!
The differences between Lenin and the Mensheviks became clearer in the Revolution of 105 and its aftermath. During the outbreak of the revolution, in January 105, Lenin was in Switzerland. He did not return to Russia until November. On November 8, he returned to St. Petersburg where he directed the activities of both the Central and St Petersburg Bolshevik Committees. He also prepared for an armed uprising. The intensity of the police forced Lenin to flee to Finland in the summer of 106.
From 106 to 108, Lenin spent most of his time writing revolutionary pamphlets. He also was attending party Congresses in England, Germany, and Sweden. Lenin found it too difficult to carry on revolutionary activities in Russia. His main purpose was to keep the Bolshevik organization together. In the spring of 107, Lenin attended one of the most critical meetings where he brought his point across with his brutal arguments and strong personality.
In December 108, Lenin arrived in Paris with his wife and mother-in-law. He spent a few nights at a hotel where his sister Maria was staying while pursuing her education. Soon he left to a suburban neighborhood that was quiet and secluded. There they lived the life of gypsies. Lenin set up a printing press for printing magazines to be smuggled to Russia. He also successfully stopped a rebellion in the ranks of the Bolsheviks at the Fifth Conference of the Social Democratic Party. Some of the former revolutionaries didn't like his methods of violence and armed uprising. They wanted to get rid of the left wing of the party and wanted a more tolerant approach to the problems.
In the spring of 110, Lenins troubles increased. He was seen in the company of a woman who was not his wife. Her name was Elisabeth Armand. She was a mother of five children and a woman of great charm. Elisabeth was known for her adventures and Lenin saw her as a tried and devoted revolutionary. She had worked as a messenger for the Bolsheviks and was arrested many times and was exiled for two years.
In April 11, in St Petersburg, several Bolsheviks established Pravda (Truth). This was a revolutionary newspaper that sold openly and Lenin became its chief contributor.
World War I began two years later. Germany declared war on Russia onAugust 1, 114. The war took Lenin by surprise. As a Russian living on Austrian soil, Lenin was in a bad situation. He immediately found the assistance from a friend, Ganetsky, who was an Austrian. Ganetsky telegraphed for assistance to a Social Democratic member of parliament in Vienna. He was unable to do anything before the police searched Lenin's house and found a notebook full of diagrams and statistics circled and boxed by Lenin that dealt with his battle plans. He was ordered to take a train and surrender to the police at Nowy Targ. Lenin was later released on August 1. The reason he was released was that Victor Adler, a socialist deputy, met the Interior Minister and convinced him that Lenin was an enemy of the czarist government.
The Austrian Government made Lenin go to Switzerland, which did not take part in the war. The Russian revolutionaries split into two groups. One group favored a Russian victory. The group headed by Lenin, worked for Russia's defeat. Through these opposing groups they both aimed for the goal of world revolution. After the war began, Germany supplied money to some revolutionaries including Lenin. The Germans thought the revolutionaries would weaken the Russian war effort. In 115, Lenin promised the Germans that if he came to power that he would sign a peace treaty.
On September 5, 115, Lenin attended an international socialist conference requested by the Italian Socialist Party at Zimmerwald. It is near Berne. In a short manifesto signed by eight delegates, he proposed a new slogan, civil war, not civil peace." He also put forward some new ideas but they were defeated. In January 116 Lenin went with Krupskaya to live in Zurich.
In 117, Russia was losing the war. Russian workers went on strike and by March , about 00,000 strikers were protesting in the capital. The soldiers refused to maintain order and the Soviet workers and soldiers had sprung up in Russia during the revolution of 105. On March 1, 117, a group called the "Soviet of Workers" and "Soldiers Deputies" was established in Petrograd.
Czar Nicholas II gave up the throne on March 15, and a democratic government was established. The Petrograd Soviet shared control of Russia with the Government. The Bolsheviks demanded all power to the Soviets.
In May 1 Lenin suffered the first of his strokes. A little less than a year later he suffered a second one. Lenin wanted to make sure that Trotsky rather than Stalin would succeed him. Lenin was unsuccessful, as Stalin was far too clever for Lenin. In 1 his health got worse and he had another stroke which left him paralysed and speechless. Lenin never fully recovered and died of a cerebral haemorrhage (stroke) on January 1, 14. The dream of Lenin continued on in the form of the U.S.S.R. but his dream lost out in the l80s to freedom and democracy.
Time Line
1870Born in the town of Simbirsk on April 10 (New Style, April ).
187Entered school for the first time.
January 4, 1886Vladimirs father died.
1887Vladimir finished schooling.Won a gold medal for excellence in studies.Enrolled in the law school at Kazan University.
180Admitted to St. Petersburg University but was not allowed to attend classes.
181Received a law degree from St. Petersburg University.
18Joined a Marxist organization.
185Founded the fighting Alliance for the working class in St Petersburg.
187Was deported to Siberia.
July , 188Married Nadezhda Krupskaya.
100-105Vladimir's first period of exile from Russia.
100The first issue of the newspaper Iskra edited by Vladimir was published. He covered the question of Finnish independence.
101Began using the name Lenin.
10Lenin became the leader of the Bolshevics.
105The first revolution attempted in Russia. Lenin met Stalin for the first time.
106Intensified police persecution forced him to Finland.
107Lenin took part in several party conferences in Finland. He lived in secrecy near Helsinki and later fled.
December 108Lenin reached Paris.
110Lenin seen in the company of Elisabeth Armand.
11Became Pravada's chief contributor.
August 8,114Arrested at Nowy Targ.
August 1,114Lenin was released.
September 5,115Attended the Zimmerwald conference.
117The second Revolution in Russia, known as the February Revolution. The Bourgeoisie and the working class united to dethrone the Czar.
April117Lenin returned to dethrone the Czar.
November 7,117Lenin returned to St Petersburg.
December 1, 117The Soviet government recognized the independence of Finland.
March118The Red Treaty between the Socialist Republic of Finland and the Soviet Republic of Russia was signed. Cordial relations between the two countries were established.
August118Lenin survived an assassination bid by Dora Kaplan, but was wounded.
11Organized Communist parties all over the world.
11Introduced the New Economic Policy.
118-Lenin led the Soviet government.
May 1Lenin suffered a stroke.
January 1,14Lenin died of the fourth stroke, caused by the hardening of arteries in the brain.
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