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Debbie Smith
10/11/01
I agree with Carol Gilligan's overall message¡Xthat men and women have fundamental differences. However, I have a lot of uncertainty about her specific conclusions. According to Gilligan, the following are some key personality attributes that are typical of men and women
MEN WOMEN
Cheap essay writers help on Why A Woman Can't Be President of the United States essays
„XRules-oriented„XRelationship-oriented
„XIndividuation„XDependence
„XDefined through repression „XDefined through attachment
„XOutdoor play„XIndoor play
„XLarger, age-diverse play groups„XEmpathetic
„XDisputes in games easily resolved „XDisputes tend to end games
„XRules/procedures oriented„XRules are more flexible
„XGames are more competitive„XCompetition anxiety
„X'Rights' are important„XOther points of view included in judgment
„XSquabbles enjoyed„XTurn taking games with fewer 'moral lessons'
„XGames with higher skill levels„XLess developed 'legal' sense
„X¡§In defining themselves as masculine, separate their mothers from themselves.¡¨ -Gilligan„X¡§emerge with a stronger basis for experiencing another's needs or feelings as one's own¡¨ -Gilligan
„XGames last longer„XLearn responsibility for 'taking care'
„XLearn organization skills from their games „X¡§(fuse) the experience of attachment with the process of identity formation¡¨ -Chodorow
I had intended to proceed with this essay by applying these attributes and suggesting a few career choices that might optimize the best qualities in men, and others that might be best suited to women. But, even before I began, I felt torn. On one hand, I do believe a female physician could theoretically be more sensitive and empathetic than a male doctor. But, conversely, I don't want to believe that a woman couldn't also be an aggressive, tough attorney.
Instead, I think I'll redirect my focus and discuss society's perceptions and how they can lead to career limitations. In many cases, a woman could very easily do a 'man's job,' and vice versa. However, society's attitudes and misconceptions can literally turn perception into reality and make gender lines virtually uncrossable. In other words, society's self-fulfilling prophecies create situations where it is impossible to succeed no matter which side of the 'list' one's personal attributes might happen to lean toward. So, within the remainder of this essay, the topic I'd like to address is, ¡§Why A Woman Cannot Be President of the United States.¡¨
Before I proceed to the presidency, I'll begin at a level a little lower in the ranks. Remember Shannon Faulkner, the first woman to be admitted to the Citadel as a cadet? Of course, the Citadel tried to de-admit her when they found out she was a woman. But Faulkner ultimately prevailed and won the battle! Unfortunately, she promptly lost the war. Shannon Faulkner dropped out of the Citadel after only her fifth day of 'Hell Week.'
The June 0, 16 ¡§Charleston Post and Courier¡¨ published a photo of gleeful (male) cadets, with the caption, ¡§The image of cadets celebrating Faulkner's departure was seen around the world.¡¨ In other words, Faulkner's male counterparts were thrilled at her defeat. Can women really be successful at the Citadel at the same level that men can? How many people are truly able to prevail under the sort of conditions Shannon Faulkner endured? It would be very difficult for women to have large or even moderate scale accomplishments at the Citadel because it's a hostile environment that treats women as if they don't belong there. Women cannot experience the same circumstances and benefits that men enjoy at the Citadel, period.
But, perhaps Shannon Faulkner's experience was an isolated one¡Kwhat about Kara Hultgreen, the first woman qualified to fly as a 'Top Gun'-type fighter pilot for the Navy? Since Ms. Hultgreen successfully climbed to such a high-ranking position in the Navy, surely she had won the respect of her peers, and was appropriately honored by them after her untimely death during a landing exercise? Unfortunately, no. This comment from the Arlington National Cemetery website hints at the 'honor' that was bestowed upon Kara Hultgreen by the other Naval officers
'She received full military honors upon her death and no special attention was drawn to the fact that she was the first female Tomcat pilot. However, unsigned faxes began to circulate, maligning her record, and suggesting that the Navy in its rush to integrate women into the ranks was placing unqualified people on aircraft. Zimmerman says, It was an unheard of breach of naval aviation etiquette to question the flight record of a pilot who had gone down. It was just not done. Except with Kara Hultgreen.'
Does an American woman have the ability to become a top-notch fighter pilot? Absolutely. Does an American woman have the same opportunity as an American man to receive the deserved degree of affirmation, honor, respect and praise as a fighter pilot? I don't think so. Male fighter pilots will come and go, and we will probably never even know if, when or how they die. Unfortunately, when the next female fighter pilot dies, she too will be likely to have her achievements over-shadowed by the doubts that naturally accompany her deviant XX chromosomal makeup. Women like Kara Hultgreen have an uphill battle, because they have to prove to the world that they can be fighter pilots. The biological/psychological qualities of men, however, never have to be defended because they're never considered suspect¡Kall men are just naturally made the 'right' way. Men are born with the benefit of the doubt.
As I come nearer to actually addressing my topic, ¡§Why A Woman Cannot Be President of the United States,¡¨ let me make one more stop along the way. Consider the closest we have come¡KGeraldine Ferraro, who was the vice-presidential running mate of Walter Mondale in 184. Following is a quote from Ferraro, as published in the Harvard 1 Winter/Spring Bulletin
I had to prove that I was as good, if not better, than a man would be, she said. For men, theres a presumption of competence. For women, theres the burden of proof. That gets exacerbated at the national level.
During her 184 vice presidential bid¡Kshe was constantly peppered with questions not only about her toughness, but also about her lack of foreign policy experience. Are you strong enough to push the button? asked the Kennedy Schools Marvin Kalb, then a CBS newscaster, on Meet the Press, three days after her first vice-presidential debate.
We never ask, how would a Steve Forbes deal with an international crisis? Ferraro pointed out. When I ran, it was, is she capable of understanding missiles? Could she push the button? Nobody raises that with the guys. As a woman, as the first, I was tested on every level ¡X substance, emotional, and physical. In fact, I traveled more than Fritz [Mondale] and more than Bush and Reagan combined. I had to prove that physically I could.
Ferraro's polite comments may help illuminate the media's mentality, but mainstream public opinion was even harsher. Some people gossiped about Ferraro's husband, and he was often scrutinized more closely than she was. After all, what the man in the family does is certainly of primary importance when one is contemplating a woman's capabilities. There were also those who speculated about the 'what ifs' surrounding the possibility of Mondale's death, and whether the United States would be willing to accept a female President. I've heard it was said (although I can't find anything 'official' to support this) that many loyal Democrats were strongly in favor of Mondale for President, but they voted Republican rather than accept a woman as Vice President. Interestingly enough, from what I understand the Republicans had quite a landslide victory that year¡K
Now, without further ado, I will begin my essay on ¡§Why A Woman Cannot Be President of the United States.¡¨ I'd like to start with a quote from Sojourner Truth
¡§That man over there say that women needs to be helped into carriages, lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And aint I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And aint I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man-when I could get it-and bear the lash as well! And aint I a woman? and when I cried out with my mothers grief, none but Jesus heard me. And aint I a woman?¡¨
Ms. Truth implies that women can endure all the hardships of men, in spite of our 'delicate nature.' It's my contention that we endure greater hardships than men, since we have so many more obstacles to overcome. So, why can't a woman be President of the United States? Well, in my opinion, it's because of all the reasons I've previously demonstrated, and then some. Just reflect upon our current national crisis, and suppose that we had a female President. Remember the tears that have been so touching in the eyes of Rudy Giuliani and George Bush? A woman with those same tears would be seen as weak. That perceived weakness would immediately raise other concerns that would run rampant through the news, ¡§Does the President have what it takes to attack and defeat these terrorists?¡¨ Or, if she took a hard line on terrorism, there would surely be references to over-compensating and penis envy. Our national confidence would be plummeting as our fears escalated¡Keven women would be quoted as wondering whether a woman was really suited for this sort of work.
Although we like to think of ourselves as progressive, we are stubbornly clinging to outdated ideas about women. India has had a woman President, England had a female Prime Minister¡Keven Pakistan, a place we like to think of as extremely third-world and backward compared to the United States, recently had a woman as the Prime Minister (I wouldn't have known this if I hadn't recently seen it on the news). However, as leaders of the free world, we still cling stubbornly to the hero and homemaker myths (although now it's ok for the homemaker to also have a job).
Fortunately, the news isn't all bad. Just as racism has abated dramatically within my lifetime, it appears that gender lines are beginning to be redrawn. Carol Gilligan's research, which is only twenty years old, is beginning to appear out-of-date. Males and females are breaking their childhood molds, and we're seeing the development of a whole new ballgame¡Kfiguratively and literally. As women begin to accumulate successes on the playground and in the boardroom, old attitudes seem to be losing their grip on the younger generations.
A woman can't be president of this country. Not right now, anyway. But just as my parents' lives saw the initiation of civil rights for black Americans, I'd like to think that before my life ends I will see another evolution in thinking, and that a woman will be our commander-in-chief. Not because she's a woman¡Xbut in spite of it. Hopefully my own thinking will evolve by then as well, and maybe I'll even consider going to a male gynecologist¡K(but I doubt it!).
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