Do androids dream of electric sheep. Philip K Dick.

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According to I.Halmgren, "science fictional worlds" "the distinctive feature of science fiction is in its generic license to create worlds that are other than the world we know." This statement is partly true for Phillip K Dick's novel Do androids dream of electric sheep?. However, the genre of science fiction is better described by the Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms, "Prose fiction that explores the probable outcomes of some improbable or impossible transformations of the basic human (or intelligent nonhuman) condition."(Baldick0) This essay will argue that Do Androids Dream of Electric sheep?, fits into that criteria perfectly because, although there are some new things that place the novel in the science fiction category, the world created by Dick is basically the world that we inhabit.

The nova, which are the new things that are different about the world of Do Androids Dream Electric Sheep, are that it is set in the future in a decaying post-nuclear environment. Therefore there is a lot more technology. People have colonized other planets and they have hovercrafts. The most important technological difference is that now androids are so completely self-aware and similar to humans that it has become difficult to decide who is who. The people in the novel are like us except that their lives and ethics seem different because of their dystopic environment and because of the new dilemma they face concerning the ethical treatment of androids. However, the differences are only surface variations of life, as we know it in our own world.

Even at face value, the world of Do Androids Dream of Electric sheep? immediately has elements that reflect our own world. For example, the main protagonist, Rick Deckard at first appears to be an ordinary man with an ordinary, stereotypical marriage and domestic life. He has regular thoughtless ideals that are very familiar to us. He wants to keep up with the neighbors. It is a capitalist, consumeristic world complete with commercials and brand names and living in a way that one does not particularly like in order to hold down a job and pay for merchandise. In both worlds materialism is a barrier to true understanding. Even animals are commodified in this story and traded like used cars.

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On a more philosophical level, the world of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep is like our world in that it has existentialist themes because it questions what it is to be human by examining different kinds of self awareness. The novel provides it's own methods of classification for humanness and then purposefully disturbs those precepts so that the reader may query their own definitions about what it is to be human and accordingly, who they believe to be valuable and who is not.

Like our world, the novel defines what is human in a culturally subjective way. Apart from the obvious difference, that humans are organically born and androids created, the novel defines humans according to their ability to feel empathy for others. We know that they characterize humans by their ability to show empathy because the machine they use to prove authentic humanness does so by measuring empathic reactions to a series of emotional scenarios. According to the test, an example of a proper human response is the repulsion to the idea of eating meat, which is an interesting cultural question. It is making the statement that morality is purely subjective. It is very important for those in Dick's world to show that they have empathy to others and are therefore human by taking care of an animal. Also, in order to feel human they can fuse with Wilbur Mercer, and experience others, with is another example of empathy as proof of humanness. An extra explanation of what it is to be human according to the novel is a being that is self-deterministic and not preprogrammed, complete with false memories.

Both the characters of the novel and we treat certain humans differently. A classification that is neither human nor android is for those who are "special" (genetically damaged), like John Isodore. In our world, some people with genetic mental disabilities are discouraged from having children and many believe that they should be sterilized. Humans are often not comfortable with those who have an outstanding flaw. Nor do humans show much empathy for these people. John Isodores loneliness and social isolation is an all too common truth of our world.

In the novel, and in our real life, the boundaries that make someone human or not human are not rational or clear. At the same time as setting those characterizations of human beings, the novel intentionally breaks those conventions so that ultimately, the similarities outweigh the differences by far. Human beings could be mistaken for androids. An example of an event in the novel where humans are like androids is when Deckard and his wife use the mood organ. If the very basis of their being human is that they have spontaneous emotion, the electric mood organ surely interferes with their humanity. Also, the mood enhancer as an object is not entirely alien to our world. Mood altering prescription drugs are used in our culture regularly as a method for people to escape their despair.

As animals, and people that are alien to us are often the same, androids can also be mistaken for humans in the novel. At many times throughout the novel androids show human characteristics. The fact that they want to rebel and seek a better life is self-determining behavior rather than programmed into them. The most lifelike androids up to date were called nexus, which means link (macquarie dictionary68) That meant that that model of android symbolized the "missing link" between androids and humans. Also the nexus 6 androids of the novel are a link because they occupy the space between the boundaries of what it is to be human or not. Also there are examples whereby androids do show empathy for others. One of these is when Rob Baty screamed out in pain when his partner was killed. The rebel androids did care about the welfare of the group.

The confusion about what is human and valuable and what is not is also very much a problem in our world. For example, Nazi Germany dehumanized Jews, as did European settlers to Australian aboriginals. Even right now, in our time and culture there are people in Australian detention centers who are treated inhumanely. The attitudes behind these atrocities are satirized in the novel when an advertisement for colonization refers to the days of slavery in Southern America as halcyon. (Dick.p16) Often our treatment of animals involves separating ourselves from their emotions.

We sometimes justify our actions by ignoring the self-awareness of others and objectifying them, as though they were androids. Thus we can set double standards. Those double standards are represented in the novel by humans caring for electric sheep in their leisure hours and desiring affection and sexual connection androids yet killing them for a living.

In reality no-one can truly understand what the minds of others is about, just as Deckard cannot decide what thoughts make someone human. It is a fact, that just as androids are deprived of human rights in the novel, so are many people and animals not given their rights in our world. In the novel, the real reason that it happens is because the people are afraid and that is the same in our world too. The people are afraid that the androids will become superior to them and also they have to be different to androids to maintain their identity.

Another way that Deckard's world mirrors our own is by the similarities of the cult religions between each world, The cult religions of the novel are divided by the followers of Wilbur Mercer (humans) and the followers of Buster Friendly (androids). Wilbur Mercer is a Christ-like figure because he is self sacrificing for the good of humanity. He is also a little bit like the Greek legendary hero Sisyphus, who is condemned to repeatedly push a rock up a mountain as punishment for his craving for life. Just as the absurd plight of Sisyphus represented the struggles of life that we all share, so does Wilbur Mercer.

It is interesting that the name "Mercer" sounds like mercantile and mercenary, which is what characterizes humans weather real or in the novel. Creating the androids in the first place to be so self-aware and to have emotions is an extreme mercenary act. They are created so that the corporations can make money without any care given to what misery they are bound to encounter. The question is, why do the consumers want the androids to be so like humans? Perhaps is about having power over another? Buster Friendly is like a hero to the androids because he is an android and he exposes Wilbur Mercer, who is responsible for some of the persecution that they suffer.

In conclusion, I do not agree with Halmgren that Science fictional worlds are necessarily different from our own. Although there may be some differences, the things that bring meaning to the genre of science fiction are those things that are the same. The science fictional world created by Phillip K Dick in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is different from our world because it is set in the future after an ecological disaster but the humans have not changed a bit. They are still politically dysfunctional as they are socially motivated purely by materialism and greed. They are still unreasonable, confused creatures that have no understanding for others. Just as the mistreatment of those who are different from us, and the practical slavery of animals are parts of our world, the humans of the future created by Dick have still not learnt to break down cultural boundaries and live at peace with others.

List of Works Consulted

Baldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York Oxford University Press, 001.

Dick, Philip K. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Great Britain Millennium, 1.

The Macquarie Dictionary. Australia The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 001

List of Works Consulted

Baldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York Oxford University Press, 001.

Dick, Philip K. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Great Britain Millennium, 1.

The Macquarie Dictionary. Australia The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 001

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Microsoft vs ibm

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CASE SUMMARY

An overview of the background and the current status

Although Microsoft came into the picture as a collaborator of Apple, it turned out to be a strong competitor to beat when it introduced the windows. Up until the early 10's Apple's operating system was superior to Microsoft's Windows. The scene changed when the later introduced Windows '5.

The ten years of absolute success for Apple did not have the expected outcome. In the computer industry, what seems to matter is the hardware base. Despite the fact that Macs were successful in the educational and home sector, they did not manage to enter the business sector when the PC market was evolving rapidly. The PCs won over the Macintosh due to the compatibility with other computers. Moreover, due to the high production cost of the Macs costumers were more willing to acquire a Microsoft computer. Microsoft alone now controls the 50% of the worldwide computer market.

College papers on microsoft vs ibm

In order for Apple to regain control and succeed, managers must separate themselves from the usual strategies of competing with IBM or better, leave the competitive market to Dell, Compaq, etc and focus on the company's opportunities.

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They must give all their effort in trying to support and develop the already existing market of education and home entertainment. The matter of compatibility must also be examined so as for the operating system to be more "close" to the Windows based computers.

Apple has both strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats. By correct strategic plans and decision-making, managers will be able to place their product in a better position in the market and consequently in customers minds.

APPLE'S SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS

-Worldwide brand recognition.

-Innovation ability in both design and marketing.

-Ease of use of its products.

-Strong inventory management.

WEAKNESSES

-Poor technical support.

-Incompatibility with existing PCs.

-Weak manufacturing ability to keep up with demand.

-Price ( expensive due to production cost).

-Users do not feel comfortable with these computers because of their incompatibility.

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OPPORTUNITIES

-Exploit iMac's success.

-Collaboration with retailers.

-Network computers.

-Support of existing users.

-Increase compatibility.

-Justify price.

-Change design ( ex. iMacs ) .

THREATS

-Internet peripherals.

-Microsoft's influence in the software industry.

-Network computers.

-Competitors are trying to copy Apple's new designs.

IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR STRATEGIC ISSUES

The major key issue for Apple is whether the company should or should not continue the battle against Microsoft and other PC competitors once it has already been defeated. Moreover, the possibility of trying to become alike to the competitive products or rather further differentiate its products must also be discussed.

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ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

For the case of Apple there are no alternative solutions. The company must either

a)continue the battle against Microsoft and thus tend to become more and more compatible with the competitive products or

b)Become a completely different product by further differentiating itself from the Windows programs.

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

In the case Apple decides to go along and become compatible with Microsoft's Windows managers must consider the drawbacks of this decision. In the first place, Apple will not be any longer the unique company costumers knew and trusted. Users might feel tricked and they will no longer be satisfied from the computer they have since they will no longer know its capabilities and its functioning. Moreover, it is possible for the production cost to remain at the same levels as today. However, Apple will be forced to reduce prices since the company will be selling a computer with no differences from the rest. Last but not least, investor's confidence will be shaked since they were investing their money in something different and not in a usual computer market. The company will be derived from its brand name and the recognition it gained from that and so help the PC become even more dominant into the market. Managers will have to convince consumers that the newly released products are as good as the previous ones not to mention better.

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On the other hand, Apple will create products according to the needs of their costumers. Products easy to use, fashionable and modern and thus Apple, will become the bigger competitive force against Microsoft , Dell , Compaq etc. Producers have the bases for a new product due to the prior technological advancements and therefore the company will not be obliged to spend great amounts of money on research and production.

If Apple manages to become compatible with Microsoft, it will have surpassed its biggest obstacle and the road to success will be lying in front of them.

Yet, if managers decide to make a further distinction of the company from Microsoft's Windows, Apple will remain in the margin and as time passes - and more needs are created where the already existing ones are changing - users, will realize the need for something more advanced and with greater capabilities. Apple, will be considered a once great company that has now lost complete contact with the subject of PCs.

The advantages will be restricted in the production of fashionable products (ex the iMacs) and advanced devices whose price will not exceed the existing ones but at least maintain it. Still, experts, claim that in case Apple produced such products, there demand would be so high that the price could possibly rise. However, Apple must protect intellectual property so as to give the firm credit and some leverage in the market for the particular products. It should be mentioned, that, Apple and Microsoft are constantly in and out the courtrooms over the intellectual property rights of the Macintosh. If Apple had taken this into consideration, perhaps, it would still be the dominant power and Microsoft would not have been able to catch up.

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John Miller in one of his articles mentions that "a company needs the ability to quickly respond to industry trends and market demographics in order to be successful". It is obvious, that Apple failed to respond to the market trends on time and lost plenty of opportunities to place itself in a better position in the market.

DECISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As the time for decision and recommendations has approached it ought to be highlighted that no specific course of action can be characterized right or wrong. In many cases it is a matter of taking risks and many the risk taker be right.

To begin with, Apple should not become completely compatible with the Windows but should up to a certain extent create programs that will be easy to use with the Windows. On the one hand, Apple must not loose its brand name and the trust of the consumers by utterly changing its image and products. Users chose this type of operating system because of its uniqueness and they are acquainted with its functioning. If altered they will suddenly be faced with a different processor that they will not know how to operate.

On the other hand, Apple is not obliged to change completely. What must be done is a creation of microchip that will allow users to exchange files easily and work with a Windows PC. Nevertheless, when Apple attempted to do so, Microsoft came out with a new idea and did not make their computers interoperable with the Macs forcing users to buy a device and follow a time consuming process in order to read their files. In fact, what Microsoft did was to enhance its domination in the market. From the above-mentioned facts, it can be made clear that there is no "best thing to do" when referring to compatibility.

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Secondly, Apple should focus on the advanced designs of its products. Apple by continuously improving it products, managed to keep its users in the field of home entertainment, education and multimedia markets. The company recently came out with a new product called the Rhapsody has managed to increase sales and gain consumers preference.

Thirdly, Apple should consider licensing or partnering. Up until today, Apple tried to avoid licensing and the results were not good. When Apple was given the chance to have Microsoft as a partner, managers wanted to ensure the quality of their own system and dropped the opportunity. When Apple realized the need for help, it was too late. Their company was already in trouble and the licensing strategies they began were not proved successful. Currently, Apple is collaborating with IBM and Motorola and little by little the Business is standing on its feet again. Apple must cooperate with Wintel for the production of the best computers. From the marketing point of view it is a great challenge and it seems to be working.

Furthermore, Apple should pay more attention on its existing costumers. Apple has begun losing a respectful percentage of its users. Although it has succeeded in getting students all over the world familiar with its operating system it doesn't seem able to keep them after their career as students. They seem to be far more interested in obtaining a Microsoft computer. Apple must allow marketers to do their job in attracting students and persuading them to keep using a Macintosh computer. Because keeping a customer is easier than creating a new one, this strategic will prove useful for Apple as it will save the corporation from spending money in trying to attract customers.

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As a continuation from the above, Apple should by all means advertise its brand name and gain recognition. Advertising is important to the success of a good product, especially where competition is very high. It is a way to present consumers the benefits of acquiring a certain product, helps with brand name and product name recognition and builds an image. Even though Apple has a good brand name and has gained recognition from that, it still receives plenty of bad reputation due to the media and the press who keep stressing the company's struggle for survival. At this point, Apple needs advertising in order to present a better image of itself in the public and regain the faith of the customers.

As a final point, Apple should take good care of the prices. Apple should take into consideration the issue of pricing especially now that is planning on entering the market with new products. Because of the high prices of the Macs, subsidized pricing must be applied. This will make product prices comparable to those of the PCs and the company will see higher sales.

CONCLUSION

The PC market is constantly developing and Apple is introducing the market with new products. Apple made us realize how competitive the market is and that a company with no real and strong strategic methods will very easy be troubled. Many wrong business decisions made by Apple hade actually caused potential customers to seek different kinds of PCs and network programs.

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Defiance

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Defiance. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Defiance paper right on time.

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Defiance is a word that often has negative connotations. When people hear about defiance in modern society, they often think of rebellious kids kicking over garbage cans and spray-painting graffiti on the walls of church buildings, or university students protesting government actions. Defiance is often associated with destruction of property, materials, or government policies. However, defiance can produce positive effects, and may be necessary for society. If people did not push the boundaries and go against the accepted norms, everything would always stay the same. Some people choose to defy small actions, such as a punishment given by an angry parent, while others defy larger aspects of society, such as position in life, religion, or the way that a class of people treats others. The theme of defiance is a common thread in several literary works including the Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Grapes of Wrath is a novel about the Joads, a family who migrates from the dust bowl of Oklahoma to the golden valleys of California. The Great Gatsby tells of a smitten young man, Gatsby, who changes his life in order to impress a woman. In The Grapes of Wrath and The Great Gatsby, the theme of defiance for self-interest and the good of society is woven into the plot.

Defiance of one's current social status can contribute to changes in lifestyle and society. Gatsby defied his current social status to acquire Daisy's love. He accomplished this through illegal means of bootlegging, and succeeded in his venture to transform his life from poor to rich. He changed his entire demeanor to truly become one with the rich class as he left his family and developed a hate for poverty. He defied his place in society, but in the end lost his wealth and status, and his dreams of love when he took the blame for a murder he did not commit. On the other hand, the Joads migrated across the country in order to have a better lifestyle. At their home in Oklahoma, they were forced from their land for profit the "machine" (big business), and decided to go to California to find something better for the family. They journeyed on a quest for a life in which there was food to eat and opportunities to work. On their pilgrimage they lost close family bonds as sons left, grandparents died, and babies were lost. At the end of The Grapes of Wrath, there was still hope for the Joads to succeed, unlike in The Great Gatsby, where in the death of Gatsby, the dream was over. People often defy their station in life in order to fulfill the human desire to surpass their current status

The main characters in The Great Gatsby and The Grapes of Wrath defy the idea that money automatically equals happiness. In capitalistic nations, such as America where both stories take place, an objective of one's dreams is often to obtain large quantities of wealth. Gatsby achieved this common desire, but displayed that his true dream was to win the love of Daisy. His money was just the means to reach that objective. Even with a glamorous house and car, and large drunken parties each night, they were meaningless to him. He is a prime example that money does not equal happiness, as he shows that with money he was dissatisfied with life, and was only truly happy with Daisy by his side.

"He (Gatsby) hadn't once ceased looking at Daisy and I think he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes." (Pg. 7, Fitzgerald)

It is important that those in a position of indigence realize that to be happy, money is not a vital factor, and that one only needs the companionship of his fellow humans.

The Joads went against the machine of big business, and thus, the people of the well-to-do society. They were angry against the machine as it kicked them off of their farm, caused them to have trouble getting jobs, and ruined food just to keep a profit. They, specifically Tom and Casey rebelled along with other people of their social order by fighting in camps and disobeying police officers who were of a higher class. Throughout The Grapes of Wrath, the poor helped one another to defy the big business from becoming successful, while the rich class worked to conquer them. Ma offered soup to other family's children even though her family didn't have enough to spare, Rose of Sharon saved the life of an old man, and a fellow migrant warned the Joads of the Farmers Associations plan to raid the squatters camp. Another man gave them discounted car parts from a junk yard, and a restaurant owner bestowed candy upon the children of the Joad family. On the other hand, the lite always attempted to break down the poor. The car dealer gave the Joads a lousy deal on their truck, there were sky-high prices at the store on the peach farm, and strikebreakers were hired to keep down the wages of the migrants. The moneyed people of society are often portrayed in a negative light due to their generally uncaring actions to the destitute. Defying the insolent actions of the wealthy is a necessary response which will help bring down the wall between the rich and the poor in society.

Religion is a common issue for people to defy. The Joads and Gatsby defied religion, but in different ways. Grandma Joad thought she was devout, but truly just said prayer from habit.

So many years she has timed her responses to the pauses. And it was so many years since she has listened to or wondered at the words used." (Pg. 104, Steinbeck).

Casey the preacher traveling with the Joad family had new ideas about religion. Instead of believing that God is one divine being, he saw God everywhere and in everything, especially when people worked together.

"I got thinkin' how we was holy when we was one thing, an' mankin' was holy when it was one thing. An' it on'y got unholy when one mis'able little fella got the bit in his teeth an' run off his own way, kickin' an draggin' and fightin'. Fell like that bust the holiness. But when they're all workin' together, not one fell for another fella, but one fell kind of harnessed to the whole shebangthat's right, that's holy." (Pg. 105, Steinbeck)

Rose of Sharon defied the orthodox religious beliefs of a woman in the squatter camp when she danced with a man who was not her husband. The woman warned that it would make her baby a stillborn, and although the baby was born dead, it was no fault of Rose of Sharon. Gatsby went against the common belief that God's subjects are humble, and lucky to be worthy of the attention of the Lord for one minute of the day. Instead, he saw himself as the Son of God, and a man who was practically divine himself. This defies the first commandment of the Holy Bible, "You shall not have other Gods, and you shall not make yourself an idol." (Exodus 0 1-17)

"The truth was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was a son of Goda phrase which, it if means anything, means just thatand his much be about His Father's Business, the service of a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty. (Pg. 104, Fitzgerald)

He defied the second commandment of the Holy Bible; "You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God." (Exodus 0 1-17) when he used the Lord's name while telling a lie about his past.

"'I'll tell you God's truth." His right hand suddenly ordered divine retribution to stand by. "I am the son of some wealthy people in the middle-westall dead now. I was brought up in America but educated at Oxford because all my ancestors have been educated there for many years. It is a family tradition.'…he hurried the phrase…as though it had bothered him before. And with his doubt his whole statement fell to pieces and I wondered if there wasn't something a little sinister about him after all." (Pg. 6, Fitzgerald)

Gatsby defied religion by disrespecting all of its boundaries and regulations. An uncommon portrait of God was displayed through Doctor T.J. Eckleburg, a wall advertisement in The Great Gatsby. The customary view of religion is to view God as a mighty and all-powerful being, but the painting Eckleburg show

"His eyes, dimmed a little by many paintless days under sun and rain, brood on over the solemn dumping ground. (Pg. 8 Fitzgerald)

It showed that "God" felt defeated and unable to repair the moral and spiritual problems of society during the 10s. Religion is a means by which many people deal with difficult situations, and everyday life. Both The Grapes of Wrath and The Great Gatsby defy the common principles of religion as they venture on their journey to self-awareness.

People throughout the world defy aspects of their society and culture that cause dissatisfaction. It is important to speak one's point of view, even if others consider it a form of defiance. Defying one's position in life, religious practices, and common idea of success are just a few examples of defiance that can lead to better things in the world. Gatsby died for his dream of the love of Daisy. At the end of The Grapes of Wrath, the Joads are still working for their dream even in the face of despair (a flood). Nick Carraway, the narrator of The Great Gatsby, relates defiance to the ocean when he comments

" So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past." (Pg. 18, Fitzgerald)

Please note that this sample paper on Defiance is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Defiance, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Defiance will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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WOMEN IN SPORTS

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Women Designing Sports

What happened all those other years most women were not allowed to do of these certain sporting activities? With the millennium under our belt, women have achieved more success now than in any time over the past few years. Even though things are improving with each move women make, that is not enough. Women should be allowed to be given the same opportunities as men when it comes to athletics and athletic careers. Society today needs more equal rights for women in sports and athletic positions. Women continue to become discouraged from particular sports and administration offices for the fear of being labeled and categorized as a homosexual. Low paying salaries for women in sports related work are another way of trying to shutdown women's advances. Even though many provisions like Title IX have helped women surpass many of those obstacles, they are still not out of the woods yet.

The architecture of sports and careers in sports have changed tremendously for women in the United states over the past decades. According to the National Association for Women in Sports, in 171, the A.I.A.W. (Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women) began. A year later Congress enacted Title IX, to become effective in 178, prohibiting sex discrimination in educational constitutions receiving federal funds. Title IX states "No person in the U.S. shall on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in or denied the benefits...". Before Title IX came along there were no provisions of whether or not a women could be in sports or any career involving sports (N.A.W.S.). For example, this treaty is not about looking to see how many girls are being able to participate in football; it primarily focuses on the necessity for women to have equal opportunities as men on a whole, not an individual basis. According to the Feminist Daily News Wire, a federal judge ordered Duke University to pay million dollars in damages to Heather Sue Mercer for cutting her from the football team because she is a woman. "Mercer, had been a member of a championship high school team, and kicked 48-yard field goals while at Duke University (F.D.N.W.). She sued under Title IX. "She testified that the coach commented, "Why do you insist on playing football? Why not try something like beauty pageants?" What this means is that women should be able to be in a large group of athletes who are professional women. Mercer has the same opportunities as men do and just because she is in a sport of predominately males, she has the right to be there and try to make a difference. Even though women are trying harder at excelling in the sport they want to be in , there are still certain problems. Most men don't take women in sports seriously. They turn society's heads the other way when it comes to supporting or watching women play ball. Men talk bad about a woman in his sport just to degrade her because she is a woman. If she was a man then nothing would be unraveled....all comrades. Nevertheless, women are keeping on their battle. According to Andrew Curry, women's ice hockey, which made it's Olympic debut in 18, had 6,6 women competing on high school, collegiate, and local teams. Today there are 7,000 (50)."But a lot of women just want their own games" (50). They deserve the right to hold that lead. Women should be able to be treated the same as any other man. Women seem to be doing everything else in this world, why not start treating them the same and giving them the same opportunities as men. According to the New Moon Network, before Title IX, 1 in 7 girls played high school sports nationwide. Today it is 1 in . Title IX helps tremendously, but women still have their certain mountains to overcome. According to Andy Steiner, even though Title IX was supposed to forward women in sports, the law didn't solve every problem or dissolve equity. "In a few cases, complying with Title IX actually made things worse for women in sports" (40). "Providing equal athletic opportunities can be expensive, and some schools needed to cut existing boys' teams in order to start new teams for the girls" (41)

Another reason for the low amounts of women in sports is homophobia. Most people really don't understand why any woman would not rather participate in athletics and sports administration than have her sexual preference revealed. There is this ongoing battle with lesbians everywhere. Even women who are not lesbians or bisexual fear that if they get involved with athletics that they will be stereotyped as that. Why do women have to be scared for those reasons and men don't have to be? Men are never worried about whether they will be categorized as a homosexual if they play football or if they wrestle. According to Women in Sports, more than half of female administrators in sports surveyed said their involvement in sports often led others to assume they were lesbian. Fifty-one percent of women coaches agreed, as did 46% of women athletes. Christine Grant, University of Iowa women's athletic director, says homophobia in women's sports is "like the McCarthyism of the 150s. The fear is paralyzing,"( Gutman 6). A former basketball star Mariah Burton Nelson put it in her book Are We Winning Yet?, "Homophobia in sports serves as a way to control women, both gay and straight." Whether a woman is lesbian or straight, homophobia in sports and the society at large tends to discourage girls and women from pursuing traditionally masculine activities such as contact sports and team sports for fear of being labeled a homosexual. "Female athletes in traditionally masculine sports challenge the social dictates about proper behavior for females;therefore, the reasoning goes, there must be something wrong with them (). There are also some accomplishments that take part due to women being lesbians in their sport. "Girljock a well-thought-out and informative magazine, published and written by a San Fransisco lesbian named Roxxie" (). "What Girljock need is for more volunteers to help with the our web site, and more people to either buy or to subscribe to the magazine," says Roxxie (Navratilova ). "We are a lesbian publication that is for lesbian women in sports" ().

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The tennis star Martina Navratilova has been the only well-known woman athlete to dare to come out of the closet and say that she is gay. When she did this she shocked everyone including her women players. They were not only proud of what a gutsy act she did, but her fellow lesbian friends applauded loudly and proudly. Even though she lost a lot of corporate endorsements because of this, she wasn't afraid anymore of someone finding out. She held her head high through it all and in the end she was still well received by the public. She was daring and she proved a well given point to the world in doing so. According to an article in Womens Sports and Fitness magazine, homophobia is the cause of 4% women turning down scholarships at schools unfriendly to lesbians; lesbians getting married and divorced to maintain a heterosexual image; women terrified to reveal they were fired as suspected lesbians; single women who are not hired as coaches, and heterosexual women declining athletic careers for fear of being labeled lesbians. According to Navratilova, "The double standard in sports goes far and beyond heterosexual and gay issues. It is as basic as men and women" (). These are a couple of things that Martina noticed about the unfairness about women and men in sports. She questioned such things as "Why was tennis star Pete Sampras lauded for crying during an emotional match, while women tennis players are characterized as "choking" or having "one of those bad days" if they cry?" See society is part of the blame for stereotyping women and men. People think of women as frail objects that are to be tended with care. Yes, women can become that frail object when she sees the need, but that is not who she is. She is a strong, brave and sport-loving girl who happens to have a career playing professional sports, or coaching them.

Women all across the world are afraid of entering careers in athletics because of low salaries. According to Mrs. Helen Gonzalez who has been a coach for seven years, she is being paid less than her male employee is. Mrs. Gonzalez said, "I was noticing that all of my male counterparts who do the same exact amount of work as I do were getting paid more than I." As always, even though women have the same capabilities of working at the same speed and degree as men work, they still get the shorter end of the stick. According to a NCAA survey 75% of women college athletes said they are interested in a career that offered a higher average salary than did coaching or administration of intercollegiate athletics.

Today coaches of women's teams are still prayed less than coaches of men's teams. Out of 14 sports that have men's and women's teams, the Division I men's head and assistant coaches' combined average base salaries were more than the women's in all sports (Steiner 65). In basketball, mens head coaches were paid an average of $71,511, but the womens coaches made only $,177 (65). Even in female dominated sports like gymnastics, the mens coaches were paid more on average, because most schools offer more sports for men than women. The average combined spending for mens coaches salaries was $65,6 for Division I schools, but only $7,871 for the same Division I womens teams (67). What an injustice to women! Now that women have increased opportunities to play with men, are they playing like men? asks athlete Mariah Burton Nelson (50). "Even today, women tennis pros are being paid less than the men at the Australian Open. Women's matches continue to be given less-than-desirable courts and times for the French Open. Never mind that those are Grand Slam tournaments, the "showcases" that air on international television and attract new viewers and potential fans to the sport" (). Women today are not headed into the right direction from males trying to overtake them on whatever they try to excel at and try to do. Most of all in the sports and athletic careers. Women have tried incessantly to gain the respect of their fellow peers "men" in order to know they are doing a good job. Not for long, because there will come a day when women will get paid the same and treated equally as her male counterparts.

Women still have much further to climb on the latter of equality. They still see the need to prove themselves to not only society but males also, but even with things like Title IX, women still seem to be discouraged. Women need to have the same rights as males and be judged by what they can do and make better than by their sex. According to Bill Clinton, "But finally, let me say, as the grandson and a son of two women who worked and did their best to make their way in life; as the husband of a remarkable woman who has made her way; as the father of a daughter I hope will always be free to make hers-- what Billie Jean said about the tennis match is true of this whole subject. This is about more than sports . This is about the fundamental right of every human being to dream and work and strive and the obligation never to quit, never to give in, never to be limited, never to be defined. And our obligation to see that all those who come behind us have that right to jump and soar in athletics, in every endeavor--even someday, someone of a different gender will be standing here giving a speech like this, and I hope it won't be too long".

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Teen Nutrition

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Teen nutrition in America has changed drastically since 146. Some of the

things that have caused this change are the initiation of a school lunch

program, sedentary lifestyles, and changes in the type of food that people eat.

This has resulted in obesity, type II diabetes at an earlier age, and eating

disorders.

The nation's school lunch program was issued in 146. It opened in order for

schools to "improve the nutritional health of the nation's children" (American

Kids Diet of Danger). It is said that the lunch program feeds about 7 million

kids and over 4,000 schools every year. Right after the lunch program started,

people were eating healthier, but this didn't last long. After about two years,

the lunch program began to decline in how healthy it was. Nowadays, schools

serve salty snacks and fatty foods. One of the reasons that schools serve these

kinds of food is because "schools get high fat foods for free or little amounts

of money, but for the less fat foods, they have to pay large amounts of money."

"On the average of the school lunches everyday, about 40% of the food is fat"

(American Kids Diet of Danger). Teens really don't eat fruits and veggies at

all "except perhaps the iceberg lettuce sandwiched between the slice of tomato

and the pickle decorating the hamburger they purchased at the local fast-food

restaurant" (Krebs-Smith, 81-86).

In 160, President Kennedy proposed that all schools in the United States were

to exercise everyday. In Kennedy's speech he stated, "…All of you as

individuals and as groups will participate in strengthening the physical

well-being of boys and girls…" Before he gave his speech, people had been eating

on a 'meat and potato' diet. They ate fries, burgers, and shakes and didn't

care anything about it. President Kennedy saw this and also the fact that

children were not exercising as much as they needed to. After a while the

exercising too became a low priority. Although people might think of it as a

low priority, it most definitely isn't. The more you exercise, the more

calories you burn. Also, exercising daily can reduce the chances of blood clots

and heart diseases (American Kids Diet of Danger).

Today, the nutrition of teens has also been affected because the school PE

requirements have changed. Some people may ask, "why exercise?" Well,

exercising burns off calories and according to a survey in American Averages,

some of the more obvious reasons that make sense to teens include "being able to

better maintain weight loss, improving balance and coordination, and gaining

more control over one's life." "…Exercise also helps maintain and improve

flexibility, offering such benefits as increased concentration and energy in

sports and outdoor activities (Frissell and Harney, -100)." The only state

that still requires exercise every day is the state of Illinois. Thus, meaning

that most students of the United States are not physically fit. Studies show

that "about 40% of kids from the age of six to seventeen cannot do a pull up…"

and that "girls about fifteen years ago were able to run a 50 yard dash faster

than girls today" (American Kids Diet of Danger). Other studies show that more

than one third of all meals are eaten away from home, with the majority of these

meals eaten at fast-food restaurants.

Because of the nutrition levels being so low, people are becoming obese. More

and more people are becoming obese because of eating too much, exercising too

little, poor eating habits, and heredity. Eating too much does necessarily mean

the amount of food that you consume, it means eating too much of the wrong kinds

of food. For example, if one were to eat half a salad, vegetable soup, rolls

and cookies for dinner, the person would probably not become obese. But on

the other hand if one ate slice of pizza, breadsticks, and ice cream, one

might become obese over a long period of time. Exercising too little can also

be a cause of obesity. Without moving around and being active your body cannot

burn off excess calories that one has gained. "American teenagers spend about

twenty-two hours a week watching television and playing video games. Some

experts have found that watching lots of television can be connected to obesity.

Teens who watch lots of television expend less energy and are less physically

fit than teens that watch less television. So, it is no surprise that 1

percent of teens, age twelve to nineteen, are overweight" (Update, 1).

Exercising is also important because it boosts the body's metabolism. Two

people can be the same size and eat the same amount of calories, but one is

overweight and one isn't. This is because the overweight person does not get

exercise and burn off calories and the thinner one either has more muscle or

exercises more. Another explanation for the recent upsurge in obesity is the

change in eating habits of Americans. More people are eating at fast food

restaurants, which are usually extremely high in calories. Also, people are

eating on the run and need to eat so one grabs a bag of chips, cookies, or other

high fat snacks. One of the last things that can lead to obesity is heredity.

"Scientists in the past five years have discovered an important hormone called

"leptin." This natural substance appeared to trigger a slimming process when

given to rats. It appeared to boost energy levels so the rats ate less food.

As a result, the obese rats became normal weight. Incorrect levels of leptin in

the body may be linked to the inheritance of obesity. (Frissell/ Harney, 14)."

One effect of obesity is type II diabetes. Little states in her book that

"Excess fat interferes with the work of insulin. Insulin receptors become less

sensitive to the hormone's presence. The receptors also become defective and no

longer securely bind insulin molecules to the exterior cell walls. Without a

secure binding, the insulin cannot effectively draw glucose from the bloodstream

and transmit it to the cell's interior. Glucose levels remain high, which

triggers the beta cells to produce even more insulin" (47). This means that fat

in an obese person's body makes it hard for the body to get the amount of

insulin it needs because the fat is building up and blocking the passage that

the insulin flows through. If people started exercising more, and eating

healthier foods, there might not be as many obese people and type II diabetics.

These days, the society and media of everyday life is bombarding people. Young

people today are increasingly overwhelmed by countless "perfect" body images on

TV, in the movies, and throughout magazines. Many teenagers compare themselves

to these unrealistic standards and lead to the conclusion that they are losers

because of how overweight they feel. The feeling that they are losers leads to

eating disorders.

The three eating disorders are known as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and

binge eating disorder. Estimates are that one of every two hundred females

ages ten to thirty years suffers from the serious eating disorder known as

anorexia nervosa. Anorexia has appalling drastic results, for instance, the

sight of a once-lovely teenager, now skin and bones, looking like a refugee from

a concentration camp. Even more shocking is to hear this person insist that she

is "too fat" and needs to lose more weight, so he or she starves himself or

herself. Another eating disorder is bulimia nervosa. A teenager with bulimia

looks normal, because he or she does not become more emaciated as does an

anorexic. This is because the methods to lose weight do not work very well,

though the impact on the person's health is very real. Recovering bulimic

people have to spend a lot of money on repairs to their teeth from vomiting.

The last eating disorder is the binge eating disorder. Experts know the least

about binge eating. It is like the other eating disorders because it involves

feelings of low self-worth, guilt, shame, and powerlessness. It is most like

bulimia because it involves eating large amounts of food in short amounts of

time and using food to soothe or distract himself or herself from painful events

or feelings. An expert summarizes it as "If a person can focus on weight, body

size or food, she doesn't have to focus on problems that seem unsolvable. She

doesn't have to find appropriate problem-solving skills. She has the 'perfect

solution' to decrease painful feelings…at least temporarily" (Frissell/ Harney,

0). However, unlike the bulimia, someone with binge-eating disorder does not

try to purge the food by vomiting or exercising. As a result, someone with this

disorder may become overweight.

In conclusion, teenagers in America are facing such things as obesity, type II

diabetes, and eating disorders as a result of changes in lifestyle and eating

habits of this country over the past 56 years. Some of the things that have

affected these changes are the initiation of a school lunch program, sedentary

lifestyles, and changes in the type of food that people eat. Simple changes

such as eating healthier foods and being more physically active could improve

quality of life and avoid life-threatening diseases.

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The Ultimate Bad Beat

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Poker has always been a big part of my life. When I was younger, my parents had a weekly game with friends of theirs. I loved to stay up past my bedtime and watch them play. I didn't know the slightest thing about the game, yet something about it fascinated me. I don't know whether I just liked to idea of a "grown-up" game, or if I just wanted to get my hands on the oodles of quarters and dimes that were thrown back and forth with such reckless abandon. Every now and then, one or two would fall off the table and I'd swoop in and snatch them up, saving them in hopes that I would one day be allowed to play. It was a long time coming, but after what seemed like years of begging, I was finally going to learn the game that had intrigued me so.

The poker lessons began at the kitchen table. My father first showed me Seven-Card Stud, the game of choice in my parents' weekly session. In Seven-Card Stud, if you stay until the end of the hand, you are dealt seven cards - hence, the name. From your seven cards, you utilize five cards to make the best possible poker hand. That was the first thing I learned, what hand beat what. I picked it up quickly, and before long I had it memorized one pair, two pair, three of a kind, straight, flush, full house, four of a kind, straight flush. Dad would deal the cards out as if there were six players seated at the table, two cards down and one up for each player. In turn, I would pick up each hand and decide whether I should stay with that hand or get out. Thats all. Just stay or fold. After I had played the three cards for all six hands, folding the appropriate hands, he would ask me what exposed cards had been folded. Then he scooped up all the cards and dealt out six new starting hands. Remembering all the folded exposed cards in seven-card stud is a valuable and critical part of the game. He only dealt a fourth card to the remaining hands once he was satisfied that I was consistently making the right decisions and remembering the folded exposed cards. Then he dealt the fifth, sixth and finally the seventh card. This was a wonderful way to learn poker. It enabled me to make numerous decisions in a short period of time with immediate, rapid feedback.

I immediately took my newfound knowledge and shared it with my friends, and we played every chance that we got. Sometimes for fun, betting with monopoly money or the pieces from a checkers set. Other times we'd play for baseball cards or spare change. Those were the times I enjoyed the most, not only because I was much better than everyone else was and invariably came out ahead, but because the game was much more exciting when something was on the line. I was addicted to poker. It's a game that anyone can play - fat people, old people, short people, women and children. You don't need to possess any special skills to play; and everyone can do it. Doing it well is a different story though. Not only do you have to know the ins and outs of the game itself to succeed, but also you have to be able to read people. That was something I was good at, although 1 year-olds aren't exactly the most cunning poker players in the world. Eventually, my level of competition climbed and I was playing in the games at family gatherings and was even allowed to play in my parents' social game whenever they needed a sixth.

As we became older, my friends and I discovered new games. Seven-Card Stud was fine and all, but it was a little bit elementary, and we grew tired of playing the same game all the time. That's when we learned Texas Hold 'Em, the game that decided the world champion of poker at the World Series of Poker each year. In Texas Hold 'Em, or just Hold 'Em as it is more commonly called, two cards are dealt face-down to each player, then 5 "community" cards are dealt face-up in the middle of the table, the first coming together (called the flop), then the 4th (turn) and 5th (river). There are 4 rounds of betting, the first two for a set amount, and the next two for double that amount (i.e. - You're playing fifty cents and a dollar. When you receive your first cards, and on the flop, the betting increment is fifty cents. On the turn and river cards it is increased to a dollar). All players may use the cards they hold plus the community cards to make the best five-card poker hand. It wasn't long until we were playing for increasingly higher stakes, from the nickel and dime ante games we had played when we were younger, we were now playing for fifty cents and a dollar - and eventually as much as five and ten dollars. We were big fish in a small pond, and as we all turned 18, we were about to find a much larger body of water to swim in.

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The only casino card games allowed by law in the state of Florida must be twenty-five and fifty cent ante, with a ten-dollar pot limit. The exception to this rule, however, are tournament games where you receive a set amount of chips for whatever the buy-in price is. There are all kinds of tournament games, ranging in amount from twenty-five dollar all to the way to one hundred-dollar buy-ins, and paying prizes to the top finishers out of an 8-player table. Needless to say, the twenty-five and fifty cent, ten-dollar pot limit game didn't really excite me. The most profit you could possibly hope to turn at that limit, taking into consideration the rake (the cut that the house takes out of every hand dealt), is maybe twenty dollars at most. The only reason to even bother playing a lower limit game like that is the house-funded jackpot for getting dealt a royal flush, but this jackpot was valid for tournament games too, so it wasn't really an issue in deciding what to play.

So I started on the tournament games. The fifty-five dollar buy-in Hold 'Em tourneys were my game of choice, the winner receiving one-hundred and fifty dollars, second place ninety dollars and third place sixty dollars. Forty hands are dealt and, after the last hand is completed, the chips are counted determining each player's place. After a while, I was more or less even, maybe up a few dollars here or there. But what I was ahead a lot of was knowledge. I had becomes quite good at Hold 'Em and could take one look at the board and how my opponents were betting and, with almost certainty, tell what they were holding. I had a tendency to play at a blazing speed on "autopilot" though, letting my reads make my decisions for me, and that would end up costing me.

Halfway through a fifty-five dollar buy-in Hold 'Em tournament, I was the chip leader. It was my turn to post an ante, known as a "blind" because you are forced to bet that amount no matter what your cards are, which meant that I would be the first to act in the rounds of betting following the flop. I picked up my cards and saw one of the best possible hands you could be dealt - Ace and King of the same suit, diamonds. The way the royal flush jackpot works, a progressive amount is paid for a royal flush of diamonds, the longer it goes without someone hitting one, the higher it gets. For the other suits, there is a set amount of money won for a royal flush, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine dollars. The progressive jackpot for a diamond royal was up to five thousand dollars. Though the thought of hitting it had entered my mind once or twice, the staggering odds had me more focused on the tourney than the jackpot. Back to the hand.

So there I was with my Ace, King suited. Everyone called and it was up to me to either check or raise. With a strong hand like Ace, King suited, you want to raise as high as you can before the flop to eliminate players with inferior hands from seeing the flop, and possibly getting lucky and drawing two pair or even three of a kind. My raise didn't scare many people though, and all but one called. The dealer set three cards aside in the middle of the table and slowly turned them over. Bam! Exactly the flop that I wanted to see with so many callers - Ace of spades, Queen of diamonds, Jack of diamonds. This meant that I had the top pair on the board, and strong odds to draw into a straight or a flush, needing only a Ten or a diamond. Being first to act, I checked in hopes of someone betting into me, so that I could raise them. This is a common tactic deployed by players with strong hands to trap other players into committing to the pot with a weaker hand, because your check doesn't show any strength. Another player bet, the rest folded back to me and I raised his bet. The players behind me folded and it was back on the original bettor to either see my raise, fold, or re-raise me. I wanted him to call, with a fold not giving me a big enough pot, and a re-raise indicating that he had a pocket pair - Queens or Jacks being likely. He re-raised me though, strongly representing three of a kind or two pair. I called, waiting to see if I could draw into my straight or flush. The next card was set aside on the table and, with almost agonizingly slow speed, turned over. Queen of clubs, in a moment, my amazing hand turned to garbage. He was almost certainly holding a full house now, and possibly even four of a kind. I checked to him so he couldn't raise my bet, I was still determined to see him until the last card to make sure he wasn't bluffing. He bet and I called. The last card was set face down and flipped over onto the middle of the table. The red Ten! I was now holding a royal flush, not only the best possible poker hand, but the key to five thousand dollars. My mind was racing, thinking of ways to spend the money already. I bet and, as expected, he raised, suspecting that I had made either my flush or a straight and that his full house would still hold up. I then re-raised, and he re-raised it again. I called, wanting to re-raise again naturally, but there had already been four raises, the maximum amount. With the betting finished, I triumphantly turned over my cards and the dealer read my hand. "Ace high straight" he said, I was confused. Why didn't he notice that I had a royal flush? I looked at my cards, Ace of diamonds, King of diamonds. Then I noticed the board. Ace of spades, Queen of diamonds, Jack of diamonds, Queen of clubs, Ten of hearts. My heart sunk. Naturally my opponent flipped over his Queen, Jack hand - revealing the full house that I correctly read him for. As he scooped up all my chips, I just sat there, staring into space. No one said a word, but I knew what they were all thinking. "What an awful player, betting into the full house like that". I had lost most of my chips on that hand, and that wasn't even what bothered me. I had played too fast, and it cost me more than half my stack, it cost me my dignity. Everyone at the table thought I was just another sucker. No longer was I the great card player who could read exactly what everyone was holding, I was now the fool who couldn't even read his own hand correctly. Of course, most of this was in my own mind, no one had said anything or even given me a second look. But I was embarrassed nonetheless.

From that day on, I learned to take things slowly, being careful to always make sure I knew what I was holding before venturing to guess what my opponents had. There is no time limit in poker, so there's no reason to play as if you're on the clock. When an inferior hand takes down a better one, such as Queen, Jack off-suited beating Ace, King suited, it is known as a bad beat. But when a full house beats a royal flush, and a player loses his self-respect, that is the ultimate bad beat.

Please note that this sample paper on The Ultimate Bad Beat is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Ultimate Bad Beat, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Ultimate Bad Beat will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Woman with a parrot

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Waiting in line with the other five million people, I wondered why they had all decided to come to the Metropolitan Museum of Art on that particular day, the biggest shopping day of the year. Didn't they want to sleep in? Maybe they were there for a specific painting like I was, or to escape the hustle and bustle of the day after thanksgiving, or maybe they were there just to relax? Whatever the reason, they all seemed genuinely happy.

As I held my notebook tight in hand walking through the very familiar exhibits as if walking through my own house, I noticed all sorts of people staring at a diverse amount of paintings mounted on the many walls of the museum. Some people had notebooks in hand, some did not, some sat, some stood, some appreciated the many works of art and I am sure that some didn't. It was amazing how one place, one building for that matter, could bring so many people together.

I walked down the hallway to the place I had been so many times before. I knew it would hold Manet's paintings. My eyes glanced from one painting to another then finally lay to rest on a painting of a young woman in an immensely concealing pink robe, The woman with a parrot by Manet. The lady in the painting had her hair swept gracefully up behind her head. Each strand glowed brown with tints of red sparkling through. Her hair was parted in a direct line down the middle of her skull, and a violet ribbon wrapped around her tiny head tying in a bow at the crown. She wore a lose black chocker around her neck with a golden pendant dangling off the end. She held a tiny bouquet of violets close to her face, perhaps smelling the essence, and the other arm nestled gently into her side where the hip meets the waist. It lay perfectly near the last button on her robe. Next to this vision in a blush pink, was a parrot balanced atop a perch, along with an orange and some of its peel near the bottom of the perch. Darkness enveloped the figure of the woman as she stared at something, at someone.

It was the woman's eyes that first caught me as I sat down to study the painting on a nearby bench. Her eyes were opened as if she were acknowledging the painters presence and therefore the viewers in the museum, including myself. Yet, her eyes were so forlorn that she seemed like she didn't care if she was being watched. That's when I started asking myself questions Is this woman in a dream world, or is she looking at me? Is she a real lady, or maybe a courtesan? Why is there a parrot in the picture? And who sent her that bouquet of violets she holds so gently in her hand as if it were a tea cup with her pinky protruding into the air above.

Cheap research paper on woman with a parrot

Moving downward on the woman's body I sense eroticism with every button that is undone. Looking closer I view a tiny glimpse of what seems to be lace coming out from her robe. In 1866, however, women of stature were not allowed to be showing any sort of petticoat or undergarment. It was forbidden and frowned upon. For this tiny piece of lace to be hanging out of her robe for all the public to see was a crime. Does this mean she was a courtesan? And are those violets from an admirer, a customer?

A courtesan she might have been. During this time period paintings had started the process of banishing the once ever present bourgeois as the main subjects in their paintings. The new subject, the avant-garde subject, was to paint the blue collared workers, the prostitutes, the people from everyday life.

More eroticism followed as I went back to her eyes which reminded me of Courbet's Young Ladies on the Banks of the Seine. In Courbet's painting the woman in the foreground has her eyes partly opened also acknowledging the painter and therefore the viewers. Their petticoats hang messily about them for all to see in a public place. These petticoats and the eyes of the women play games with the minds of the viewers, inviting the men, daring the men to look at them. The erotic games played on the viewer in Courbet's painting can also be seen in Woman with a Parrot. The erotic game that this painting plays on my mind are unreal. Maybe it is coincidence but each image in the painting seems to be concealing yet revealing itself at the same time. Funny how the woman's robe is half buttoned suggesting that she was about to take it off or that she was to lazy to button it up after her last customer, then the viewer notices that the orange is partly peeled, and the parrot shows just one eye to the viewer. These small details give the painting a very playful feeling.

This playful feeling though is quickly stopped when my eyes suddenly catch the darkness of the background which encircles all of the objects. The contrast leads to a darker overall feeling which introduces the inappropriateness of the painting and haziness on the mystery of this woman's body. Manet also seems deliberate in creating a sense of improvisation. His long, quick strokes of paint suggest rather than describe, much like the robe suggests that there is something beautiful underneath, but does not reveal what it is. The painting leaves the viewer to his/her imagination. Manet's use of dark colors next to the blush pink of the robe gives the viewer a sense of uncertainty.

Looking closely at the orange along with the orange peelings which have been skewed onto the floor, I ask myself why Manet would include an orange in his painting. Yet, the answer becomes clear to me when I see in the dictionary that oranges come usually ten in number, are enclosed in a leathery rind which can be easily separable and are a reddish-pink when truly ripe. Does this not describe the prostitute in Manet's painting? She is probably a dime a dozen, her legs, much like the rind, can be easily separated, and lastly the pinkness of her robe suggests that she is ripe, probably already plucked, and with each man her rind slowly comes undone matching the buttons on her dress.

Another point is also made by putting the orange, a piece of fruit, next to the woman. By positioning this next to her Manet establishes a link between femininity and nature making the viewer think of fertility. In the 1800s men thought the only use women had was to bear children and to pleasure the men themselves, so this orange seems perfectly natural in representing fertility. Many paintings of women would be hung in men's bathrooms, over a bed, or especially in a gentlemen's club for the sole purpose of pleasing men. These paintings were the Playboy magazines of today.

Moving to the bouquet of violets she so delicately holds in her left hand can only remind me of Napoleon's love for Josephine, Napoleon's wife. Napoleon was a devoted fan of the violet and when he married Josephine, she wore violets, and on every wedding anniversary he sent her a bouquet of them. Violets are therefore considered a good luck gift to any woman in any season. They symbolize faithfulness. Violet the color, however, which she wears in her hair as a ribbon, can symbolize service, perception and illusion. This woman obviously gives a service, and she also gives the illusion of love to each of her customers by acting solely upon lust.

As my eyes slowly move to the parrot, I wonder why such a bird would be put into a painting. I notice that this bird is not caged like most would be. Instead it is balanced gracefully atop a hip tall perch. Maybe this is a reference to the woman no longer being caged into a proper society, now she is free to do what she wants. She is not caged therefore she is not stripped of her beauty as most women were. However, then I looked deeper into the meaning of the parrot and realized that a parrot is a bird which imitates the words and actions of another, never understanding what is being said, only being looked at for its beautiful colors. How awful it would be to not have a unique and entertaining voice, how awful to not be special except for the outer appearance a person portrays. This parrot is mimicking the woman almost exactly. All this courtesan is noticed for are her looks, her voice will never matter to the customers she pleases, and if she does happen to speak I am sure that her customers would rather her shut up.

Another way to read all of these strange objects is by interpreting each object in the painting as the five senses a person posesses. This painting could very well be a symbol for all of them. Taste would be represented by the citric orange, sound by the parrots mocking voice, smell by the odor of the violets, sight by the monocle (spectacles) and touch possibly by her fingers touching together.

So who is this woman? This woman is Manet's favorite model which he uses in many of his paintings including Mademoiselle Victorine in the Costume of an Espada, Le Djeuner sur l"herbe, and Olympia. She is a model who has been put in every kind of setting possible. By using her over and over again and making her recognizable to all, Manet draws the viewer's attention to the constructed nature of the composition instead of the woman.

As I kept walking through the museum, my mind still on Manet's Woman with a Parrot, I came across another painting looking a bit different but with the same title exactly. It was by Courbet, and was also called Woman with a Parrot. Amazed that they were both made in the same year and both had the same name, I decided to sit down and look carefully into the differences and similarities of both paintings. Most notably I noticed that the woman in Courbet's painting was completely nude and lying down. She was in an awkward pose and her disheveled hair distracted me. In this painting, as in Manet's, there was again a perch, but this time the parrot was not on it, which leaves the perch with no known purpose in the painting. In this painting the bird was perched atop the nude woman's left hand. It almost seems as though that perch didn't belong. Maybe it should have been a man maybe even Courbet himself looking at the object he had just possessed. In this painting there is no playful undertone like Manet's, everything is just laid out for all to view. With nothing hidden I was quickly reminded of the painting,The origin of the world. No mystery is involved. The nude woman in Courbet's is also not something pretty to look at. She is non-idealized, very realistic. It has been said that Manet objected greatly to Courbet's painting. The reason he objected was that the woman was too voluptuous in his opinion. Maybe she just wasn't an object of his affection.

As I got up from the bench and took one last look at Manet's Woman with a parrot a woman came up to me and asked what was so special about this woman with the bird. She must have seen me sitting there for a long time. I sat for about ten minutes just staring and then turned the question around on her and asked her what she saw in the painting. She proceeded to explain to me that she thought it was a rich woman that was pregnant, which explained the oversized robe. And since the robe was pink, the baby was going to be a girl. I began to chuckle not meaning to sound rude because in all truth she could be right. But it was so strange to hear someone else's views when they were so different from my own, especially since I had been daydreaming about this woman for most of the day.

I turned and walked out of the museum wondering what other people's opinions were, wondering if other people would think my thoughts foolish. There are so many ways to interpret a painting, maybe sometimes they just choose to speak to people in different ways. Now I understand why there were so many people at the museum on their day off…they had wanted to be told a story, a story which their and only their imagination made up. I think I'll go back again next week.

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Realms of time and space

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REALM,S OF TIME AND SPACE

The theory of relativity has been called the greatest triumph ever achieved by the disciplined imagination. When it was first proposed, in 105, it shattered the traditional concepts of space-time, energy, and matter. Twelve years later its extended version challenged Newtons theory of gravity, replacing it with the concept of curved space. Its mathematical expressions disclosed some the natures most intimate secrets. One of its equations became the backbone of the atomic age.

Physicists have a special respect for relativity because, unlike other theories that fade away with time, relativity has become more relevant today than in its early years. Black holes, expanding universe, the big-bang theory, all borrow heavily from relativity.

Relativitys chief architect was Albert Einstein, a brilliant scientist, a concerned citizen, and a warm human being. He was good for nothing student who detested regimented wrote learning experiences of his youth. He sharpened his most powerful assetsconcentration and mathematical abilityinto the tools that needed to look into the mysteries of the nature. In his lifetime he was crowned as the prince of scientists and called the master-guru of science and the father of the atomic age.

RELATIVITY

Relativity is the property of almost every physical entity that exists in the universe. It is the most fascinating discovery ever been made by human being. Einstein is undoubtedly crowned for this marvelous discovery. Before Einstein, scientists were in confusion. Sometimes experiments proved that the earth is at rest but meanwhile some other experiment denied that fact. The truth was unknown. Einstein said that both the results are correct; it only depends on the fact that from which angle one sees the problem.

In 105, Einstein put forward his Theory of Relativity.

Relativity is not one theory, but these are two theories i.e. General Theory of Relativity (116 AD)" and Special Theory of Relativity (105 AD)" He said that rest and motion are relative quantities and then he generalized it by saying, Every physical quantity is relative to some other physical quantity.

First I shall explain that what Relativity means. Relativity is a property that is associated to all the physical quantities of the universe. Let us take an example. When we say that the car is moving; how we reach to such a conclusion? Actually we compare the position of the car with its surroundings. We observe that the road and trees are at rest, and only the car is constantly changing its position with respect to its surroundings. If nothing exists in the surroundings of the car, we can never determine its motion; so the word with respect to must be associated with all the physical quantities for their complete description.

Now let us take another example suppose two cars are moving side by side with identical velocities. These cars are at rest with respect to one another but are in motion with respect to their surroundings. Therefore it. Can be concluded that there doesnt exist anything like Absolute rest or Absolute motion. Motion, speed or velocities are all relative. If we shoot a rocket into the space and that rocket, moving with 00,000 km/hr, reaches a point where there is complete darkness and no heavenly body near by, then one cant measure its velocity at all.

In short there is no experiment, which can even determine the motion of a body with respect to absolute space.

It was this simple concept of relativity which led to the development of the most successful theory, based on thought experiment; the special theory of relativity

THE THEOR Y OF RELA Tl VITY

Failure of Michelson-Morley experiment to detect ether turned out later to be the greatest of all negative results in the history of science. The constancy of speed of light, as suggested by their experiment, was to many scientists an enigma and an aberration of nature. But to Albert Einstein, a twenty-six year old patent-office clerk in Bern, Switzerland, it was a revelation of a universal law that was to become a pillar of his theory of relativity. In his historic 105 paper, on "The electrodynamics of the moving bodies" Einstein rejected the concept of ether and along with it the Newtonian concepts of absolute space and time. He proposed instead that observed mass, length, and time vary; according to the relative motion between the observer and the system under observation.

The special theory of relativity is based on two; fundamental principles. The first is that speed of light is same no matter how it is measured. The second is that all laws of nature are obeyed in an identical manner in all inertia! Systems; that is those that are at constant speed with respect to one another. As a consequence of these, the picture of the universe through the window of a fast moving rocket is distorted to a degree that depends on the speed of the rocket. At slow speed the picture of the universe is no different from that viewed at rest, so relativity and Newtonian physics are in agreement. At high speeds, however, Newtonian physics fail in its predictions and descriptions of the universe. It is therefore inaccurate to claim that relativity displaced the Newtons picture of universe. It merely extended it to some very special situations.

Relativity is indeed an extraordinary theory with many unreal propositions How can the mass and length of an object vary according to its speed7 How and why should a clock in motion slow down These are undoubtedly revolutionary ideas that run contrary to common sense. But Einstein said that common sense is nothing more than an assemblage of mental prejudices collected from everyday experiences since childhood these experiences are only a tiny fraction of rich and wide spectrum of universal events. One such prejudice is that no matter how and where the time is measured, clocks will tick at the same rate. Relativity however states that the faster a clock moves the more slowly it ticks. Relativity also states that a moving rod shrinks more and more in the direction of motion as its speed increases. Also the mass of a moving object grows with speed, again an unreal proposition. .

Relativity helps us see the fallacy of claiming any kind of absolute rest frame of reference and absolute motion. So in the absence of a universal stationary landmark, all motions become relative. In the early centuries, Earth was thought to be stationary and was used as a universal landmark. We know that the earth spins around its axis at a speed of 0 miles per second. It also orbits around the sun at a speed of 1,000 miles per hour. But this is not all the motion of the earth. Our solar system moves with a speed of 1 miles per second within the local star system. Our local star system moves with a speed of 00 miles per second within the galaxy; and our galaxy moves within a local group of galaxies at 100 miles per seconds sp the questions are;

What is the actual speed of Earth7 In which direction7 With respect to what landmark. In the absence of a universal co-ordinate system i.e. absolute frame of reference these questions are impossible to be answered!

Fizeaus experiment demonstrated that light is not transmitted instantaneously rather it has a finite speed. This was also the final blow to long held notion of a universal now. We all know that the sky at night is a picture that is thousands or even millions of years old, because it takes the light, years from those distant stars to reach us. The picture of the night sky that is now to us is history to those stars. Some of the stars we see may not even exist anymore, Younger stars whose light has not reached us are not in picture yet.

The end of a universal now brought about the end of yet another time-related universal notion the universal simultaneity. Two events that appear as occurring simultaneous to one observer may be minutes, days or even years apart to another observer. Simultaneity along with all the gifts of relativity will be fully explained and criticised later in the text but here I am giving a slight touch to all those features one by one which will be considered later.

So let us come to another perhaps the most fascinating phenomenon in relativity that is slowing down of moving clocks, referred as time dilation. To understand how this can happen, consider the following event. Suppose a light clock lying before you. At this stage you may not be knowing that what a light clock is and how it works but to get the things going you can imagine two mirrors placed in front of one another and a small beam of light is reflecting to and fro such that each round trip of the pulse of light is the unit time of that clock. When the clock is at rest you will see the pulse of light travelling straight up and coming straight down travelling the length of the light clock. This hypothetical clock is considered to be very much precise. When the clock starts to move relative to you, you see the light pulse travelling an inclined path and the interval of the unit time of the clock appears to be longer than, when it was at relative rest. This phenomena will be discussed thoroughly later, but here you must feel easy with such type of imaginary experiments as most of the things are based upon them. Special and general relativity are the best examples of the application of thought experiments.

Special Relativity arose from a thought experiment in which Einstein imagined catching up speed of light. The principle for the constancy of the speed of light for all observers, which is one of the corner stones of special relativity follows from Einsteins conclusion that such an event would not be possible.

 

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