Love

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In this essay, I am going to explain what Christians mean by love, and also give some non-Christian views on love to see if they really are so different. I am also going to see if everyone agrees on what love is, and if there are different types, if so, what they are.

In English, we have one single word for love, whereas in Greek, they have many different words for it

-Eros Sexual love/ physical love. When someone is attracted to someone, they're often in a state of Eros, because they are sexually attracted to someone.

-Ludis Flirtatious, teasing love. This love is associated with a teenage kind of love. It is where the parties play games, resulting in a fleeting type of quick romance. Ludis is an outward expression of love. It is often intended to arouse another to physical attraction, which can lead to Eros.

-Philo Brotherly love. Love that is generated and/or related because of a common bond.

-Storge Friendship love. Friendship love, involving respect and concern for another person's interest. This love contains more companionship than excitement.

-Pragma Logical love. This is for people who worry about if their partner would be a good parent. It is the kind of love that is based on shares interest and common backgrounds. This love is influenced by a series of principals, and the application of reason.

-Mania Smothering love. It is possessive, dependant, and jealous love. Mania is a mentally excited, excessive and persistent love. This type of love is like an obsession or craving. It can lead to exaggerated feelings and excessiveness.

-Agape Divine love. This is also called self-sacrificing love. It is when someone is willing to so something for someone else with no expectations of anything in return.

Christians believe love is vital. Jesus summed up the 10 commandments in just two

1.Love God

.Love your neighbour

This shows that to Christians love is important because if you can sum up the 10 commandments in just two, and they both include love, it shows just how important they feel it is.

In 1 Corinthians, verses 4-8 and verse 1, the idea of love is also conveyed as a very important part of a Christian's life. Is says 'Love is patient, love is kind. It does not boast, and it is not proud. Love is not rude, it is not selfish, and does not get upset with others. Love does not count up wrongs that have been done. Love is not happy with evil but is happy with the truth. Love patiently accepts all things. It always trusts, always hopes and always remains strong. It never ends. So all three things continue forever faith, hope and love. And the greatest of these is love.'

The message of love is all through the bible, and I think it is probably one of the most recurring things in there. When Christians say love, they don't mean Eros, Ludis, Pragma or Mania, they mean Agape, Philo and Storge. They don't mean teasing, flirting, logical love, smothering love, or sexual love, they mean friendship love. Christians think you should care for one another as though they are family; you should care about their wellbeing, and want the best for them, you should be understanding, you shouldn't be critical, you should just care about them and hope for the best for them. You should love others enough to help them when they need it, and not turn your back on them.

Non-Christians have also tried to sum up love, and I was looking at things people have said about love, and one quote seemed to stick in my head, because even though it wasn't long, it gave summed up how a non-Christian may feel about love. It talks about trust. 'Love is giving someone the ability to destroy you but trusting them not to'. This quote is talking about deep meaningful love, not really Eros, Ludis, Philo, Storge, Pragma or Mania, but Agape. It is saying that when you let someone into your heart, then they can hurt you, but if you let them in in the first place, you must trust that they wouldn't hurt you.

The second quotation from a non-christian tries to explain what love is. ' What is love? When we claim that it's love we have for someone are we correct? Something to ponder upon….are your palms sweaty, is your heart racing and is your voice caught within your chest? It's not love, it's like. You can't keep your eyes or hands off of them, am I right? It's not love, it's lust. Are you proud, and eager to show them off? It's not love, it's luck. Do you want them because you know they're there? It's not love, it's loneliness. Are you there because it's what everyone wants? It's not love, it's loyalty. Are you there because they kissed you or held your hand? It's not love, it's low confidence. Do you stay for their confessions of love because you don't want to hurt them? It's not love, it's pity. Do you belong to them because their sight makes your heart skip a beat? It's not love, it's infatuation. Do you pardon their faults because you care about them? It's not love, it's friendship. Do you tell them every day they are the only one you think of? It's not love, it's a lie. Are you willing to give all of your favourite things for their sake? It's not love, it's charity. Does your heart ache and break when they're sad? Then it's love. Do you cry for their pain even when they're strong? Then it's love. Do their eyes see your true heart and touch your soul so deeply it hurt? Then it's love. Do you stay because a blinding incomprehensible mix of pain and relation pulls you close and holds you there? Then it's love. Do you accept their faults because they're part of who they are? Then it's love. Are you attracted to others, but stay with them faithfully without regret? Then it's love. Would you allow them to leave you, not because they want to, but because they have to? Then it's love. Would you give them your heart, your life, your death? Then it's love. Now if love is painful and tortures us so, why do we love? Why is it all we search for in life? This pain, this agony? Why is it all we long for? This torture, this powerful death of self? Why? The answer is so simple, cause it's… LOVE. It is such an addiction that even people who are not having it wish to experience and share it.' This is more of a depressive view of love, it suggests that love equals pain, and that may not always be true, because love is a mixture of happiness and pain. However, I do agree with the general idea of the quotation which is that there are a lot of different things that may make you think youre in love when youre not.

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Istanbul: The Pearl of History

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If you ever take a look at some of the related publications presenting Istanbul, you will see that almost every passage begins with such phrases as the gateway between Europe and Asia, the crossroads of many important routes since centuries, "a bridge between ages, nations and civilizations. Istanbul has captivated generations of travelers. Writers and poets as diverse as Lady Mary Montagu and Lord Byron, Lamartine and Pierre Loti, have eulogized its forested shores sprinkled with palaces and ancient timber mansions. It stands on the shores of the uniquely beautiful Bosphorous where the waters of the Black Sea combine with those of the Sea of Marmara and the Golden Horn. Istanbul is a province designed to be the capital, and it has been the capital of three empires that used to dominate the world. Even today, after decades of rampant urbanization, its remaining imperial residences, summer embassies and pashas' houses paint a convincing picture of the city's glorious imperial past.

The artistic history of Istanbul is very rich and goes back to the beginning of the human civilization. The Hittites rose to prominence in Istanbul and Anatolia (central part of nowadays Republic of Turkey) in 1800 BC and reigned until 100 BC. They were experts in metalwork and had left behind delicate statues made from gold, bronze and copper, particularly of the fertility goddess they worshipped. Many examples of these relics are on exhibition at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Istanbul. Metal tablets written in Hittite hieroglyphics give us some clues about the daily and ceremonial lives of the Hittites. The capital of the Hittites, Hattusas, still preserves the remnants of the temples, the Royal Gate and especially the Lion Gate, from which you can sense the splendor of the Hittite Empire.

The intensity and the quality of the remains from the Greek and Roman Empires in Istanbul impart the feeling that you have traveled through a time machine and arrived in the Hellenistic Era. The remaining artistic and architectural pieces provide us with information about the daily life of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Most of the cities have museums preserving the artifacts, such as sculptural relieves, statues, jewelry, household utensils, frescoes, and mosaics. Besides these artifacts, the ruins of the period still standing in Istanbul exhibit their treasures as an open-air museum. By the fourth century, the Roman Empire had been divided into East and West, and Christianity was firmly rooted in both, giving rise to the numerous churches and monasteries spread all over the country. Istanbul became the capital city of the East Roman Empire, mostly known as Byzantine Empire. Istanbul at that time had a name "Constantinopole". The Byzantine churches have their own style that is an integration of Roman and oriental influences and they are termed as basilica. The great Saint Sophia in Istanbul, built during the reign of emperor Justinian, is the largest Christian basilica on earth. Its interior is made of marble and decorated with mosaics of various colors like deep blue and red. The Sumela Monastery is another important Byzantine ruin situated on the shores of Istanbul.

During its lifetime, Istanbul endured no fewer than twenty-two sieges, of which only six resulted in capture. The most celebrated siege, led by Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror in 145, brought eleven centuries of Byzantine rule to an end and established Constantinople as a new capital of the growing Ottoman empire. After that, successive sultans embarked on an ambitious building program, redesigning the city to suit the needs of its conquerors. To raise the economic fortunes of the city, sultans of the Ottoman Empire built "Kapali Carsi", the Covered Bazaar, which was to remain the labyrinthine commercial heart of Istanbul until the middle of twentieth century. Nowadays, Kapali Carsi is the place of traders, jewelers and travelers from all over the world.

The milestone of the Ottoman Empire architecture is Topkapi Saray, "Cannon Gate Palace". From the outside Topkapi Saray lacks the grandeur associated with European palaces. It is an inward-looking complex, concerned essentially with its own private world, shut off from outside by imposing gateways and mammoth stone walls. Entering through the Gate of Perpetual Delight, every person feels himself immersed into the mysterious world of Ottoman intrigue, the secrets of the sultan's harem, and the most extensive example of Ottoman civil architecture ever built.

During the mid-nineteenth century the shores of Istanbul witnessed a radical shift in architectural style. The classical Ottoman and Turkish architecture was rapidly abandoned in favor to a European-based classicism. While Mehmet the Conqueror's Topkapi Palace hides behind the mammoth walls, Dolmabahce Palace, a marble bulk of neo-classical proportions, makes its presence felt by setting squarely on the water edge of the Bosphorous. The Dolmabahce Palace is an impressive building facing the sea with very high walls on the side facing inland. The main building is surrounded by magnificent palace gardens. The palace itself is a three-storey building, with two main storeys rising over a half sunken floor. It contains 85 rooms, four grand salons, six galleries and six baths. The vast reception salon, with more than fifty columns and a huge crystal chandelier weighing four and a half tons and lit by 750 lights never fails to astonish visitors. At the center of the palace lies one of the largest throne rooms in Europe. Designed by best French decorators and architects, the throne room is an awesome example of baroque excess. It is a heavily articulated room of piers and arches reaching to a towering dome supported by Corinthian columns in group of four and five. The dome is decorated with foliate sculptures and paintings; within this circular composition, the gorgeous windows look out onto a blue sky and fair-weather clouds. The beauty of the room is completed with the European-style oil paintings, primarily landscapes and city scenes.

Istanbul is one of the richest cities in historical background, as well as one of the most beautiful, enchanting and alive cities of the world. It has an atmosphere of its own lifestyle, people and numerous attractions. In Istanbul you will have to be generous with time since it has so much to show. The former capital of three successive empires - Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman today Istanbul honors and preserves the legacy of its past while looking forward to its modern future.

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The Catholic Belief in the Eucharist

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First of all, you need to know that this doctrine is one of the hardest things in the Catholic faith for anyone to understand. Heck, some of Jesus' own followers didn't believe him when he said for them to eat his body. "At this point, many of his disciples turned away and deserted him" (John 6:66). What did the 12 Apostles (the Catholic Church's first Bishops) think about the disciples' actions? Well, when Jesus asked them if they were going to leave, Simon, our first Pope, said "Lord, to whom would we go? You alone have the words that give eternal life" (John 6:68). So, obviously the Bishops of the early Church believed a doctrine that turned many of Jesus' disciples away.

Personally, I had the hardest time understanding the Real Presence of Jesus in the Eucharist. It took me almost 9 months after I decided to get serious about church to accept this doctrine as truth. I'm going to recommend that you get a book called Beginning Apologetics Volume 1. I read the section on the Eucharist and it turned my whole way of thinking around. That's where I got a lot of this stuff I'm writing about. The book is awesome with other stuff too. It should only cost about 5 bucks. Okay. On to the good stuff.......

Let's look at the Bible first. It seems to be a good place to start.

The first thing we will look at is John 6:33- "The true bread of God is the one that comes down from heaven and gives life to the world" (John 6:33). Correct me if I'm wrong but did Jesus not come down from heaven? Didn't he die on the cross so we could have life? So he fits the criteria for this verse. If you replace "Jesus" with "the true bread of God," you get "Jesus is the one that comes down from heaven and gives life to the world." My conclusion from this is that "Jesus" is interchangeable with "true bread of God" (or something to that effect). In John 6:35, Jesus says "I am the bread of life." So obviously, Jesus is the bread talked about in the earlier verse.

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What about John 6:48-51? It reads, "Yes, I am the bread of life...However, the bread from heaven gives eternal life to everyone who eats it. I am the living bread that came down from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever; this bread is my flesh, offered so the world may live." In this reading from the Gospel of John, Jesus tells us that he is the bread of life. But more importantly, he tells us, "this bread is my flesh." Note how Jesus does not say, "this bread symbolizes my flesh," or "this bread represents my flesh."

"I assure you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you cannot have eternal life within you. But those who eat my flesh and drink my blood have eternal life, and I will raise them up on the last day. For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink. All who eat my flesh and drink my blood remain in me, and I in them" (John 6:53-56). Jesus says that if you don't eat the body of Christ, then you can't have eternal life. What if you eat something that represents the body of Christ? Jesus says no, because his body is true food.

Have you ever thought of the possibility that the meaning was lost in the translation? Well, did you know that the phrase "eat my body, and drink my blood" has two meanings in Greek (in which the New Testament was written)? The first is to literally eat the flesh of a human and drink his blood. The second is to persecute someone. So obviously, Jesus doesn't mean eternal life will be given to those who persecute him.

In all of John 6, Jesus tells us to eat the bread of life and then says that he is the bread of life, he tells us to eat his flesh, which is true food, and drink his blood, which is true drink.

Jesus fulfilled every prophesy in the Old Testament, but he also amended several things the Old Testament. On such thing can be found in Deuteronomy 8:3. "[P]eople need more than bread for their life; real life comes from feeding on every word of the Lord." To understand this verse, we need to look at another verse from John's Gospel. "So the Word became human and lived here on earth among us" (John 1:14). Since we can see that the Word of God was Jesus Christ, we can use this to understand the Old Testament verse. Since Jesus is the Word of God, let's substitute the name "Jesus" for "Word of the Lord." We now have, "[P]eople need more than bread for their life; real life comes from feeding on Jesus." We know that this is not the exact wording in Scripture, but we now understand what God is telling us by using the New Testament to explain the Old Testament.

It is obvious to anyone who studies the Last Supper that Jesus said four different times, while holding bread, "this is my body." Matthew 26:26, "Take this and eat it, for this is my body." Mark 14:22, "Take it, for this is my body." Luke 22:19, "This is my body, given for you." 1 Corinthians 11:24, "This is my body, which is broken for you." When looking at the Gospels, you can see that Jesus meant that the bread became his body.

There have also been several miracles regarding the true flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. There are over 30 different miracles in the book Eucharistic Miracles by Joan Carroll Cruz. One miracle told in this book took place in Lanciano, Italy, in the 8th century. At the elevation of the host, it became a circle of flesh, and the wine became visible blood. While the flesh remained intact, the blood split into five separate pellets. The monks of the area had the pellets weighed. One nugget weighed as much as all five, any two weighed as much as the other three, and the largest weighed as much as the smallest. In 1971, a scientist studied the flesh and blood of this miracle that took place over 1200 years ago. He concluded that the flesh was from the wall of the heart, which would have been impossible to obtain in the 8th century and even more impossible to make such a clean cut. The flesh had no trace of any type of preservative in it. The flesh and blood were of human origin and they both had the same blood type (AB). The scientist also said that the chemical compound is the same as fresh blood. If it would have come from a cadaver, the compound of the blood would have rapidly altered through decay, so there is no chance of a fraud. The flesh and blood was returned to the Church of St. Francis in Lanciano, Italy, and can still be seen there today.

The actual host itself is just unleavened bread. But this brings up an interesting point. If unleavened just means not risen, and Jesus is the bread of life, then unleavened bread that has been consecrated is "not risen Jesus." The only time Jesus was not risen was when he was here on earth with us. So, he comes back to earth in every mass, so we can eat his flesh and have eternal life.

Martin Luther, one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation wrote, "Who, but the devil, hath granted such a license of wrestling with words of Holy Scripture? Who ever read in the Scriptures, that my body is the same as the sign of my body? Or, that is is the same as it signifies? What language in the world ever spoke so? It is only than the devil, that imposeth upon us by these fanatical men. . . Not one of the Fathers, though so numerous, ever spoke as the Sacramentarians: not one of them ever said, It is only bread and wine; or, the body and blood of Christ is not there present. Surely it is not credible, nor possible, since they often speak, and repeat their sentiments, that they should never (if they thought so) not so much as once say or let slip these words: It is bread. . . or the body of Christ is not there, especially it being of great importance, that men should not be deceived. Certainly in so many fathers, and in so many writings, the negative might be found in at least one of them, had they thought that the body and blood of Christ were not really present: but they are all of them unanimous" (Luther's Collected Works, Wittenburg Edition, no. 7, p.391).

My conclusions are this: Jesus Christ is truly present in the bread and wine. I have found this through much study of the Sacred Scriptures, the miracles that have happened regarding the body and blood of our Lord, and through writing of the Church fathers, including Martin Luther, a man who split from the Catholic Church. Just remember: our God is a truly awesome God. Only he could do something of this magnitude. Trust God and put your faith in him.

Please note that this sample paper on The Catholic Belief in the Eucharist is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Catholic Belief in the Eucharist, we are here to assist you. Your custom paper on The Catholic Belief in the Eucharist will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Will The CCP Maintain Power?

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"I plunge my hand into the bottom of the globe and fish out my paper. 'Tree.' Tree? It's too easy. I learned how to draw a tree in second grade. I reach for another piece of paper. Mr. Freeman shakes his head. 'You have just chose your destiny; you can't change that,"(Page 1) Melinda Sordio, the main character in Laurie Hasle Anderson's novel Speak, must draw a tree to find her lost soul. Melinda thinks that a tree will be easy to draw but as she goes through a whole year have as a freshmen she learns lessons and life but more importantly she learns things about her self. As Melinda attempts to draw a tree she realizes that there is no "right way" to draw a tree but rather her tree drawing must come from her heart.

Throughout the book, Melinda is tormented by her memories and by most of the school students for an incident that occurred over summer vacation at Andy's Evans party. Melinda got drunk and was raped by a boy named Andy. When she calls the cops she ruins the party is ruined, everyone at school hates Melinda. No one knows that Melinda was raped. This tree project assigned to her is a whole year project. The various trees Melinda draws symbolize the stages in her recovery from the rape. They trace her emotional journey from hopelessness to healing.

"I've been painting water colors of trees that have been hit by lightning. I try to paint so they are nearly dead but not totally."(Page 0-1) The first tree Melinda tries to draw is a tree that was hit by lightning. This symbolizes Melinda's feelings at the time. The lightning symbolizes Andy and Melinda is the tree. When struck by the lightning the tree is almost obliterated but it still has some life left in it. The same with Melinda, her mind and spirit are almost obliterated but there is still some hope for life. The lightning further more symbolizes Andy because lightning is violent, sudden and destructive. Same for the rape, it is violent sudden and it is also destructive. Though she doesn't share her emotions and feelings with anyone, drawing her project is like a therapy for her. She expresses her emotions through her drawings.

"I take out a page of notebook paper and a pen and doodle a tree, my second-grade version. Hopeless. I crumple it into a ball and take out another sheet. How hard can it be to put a tree on a piece of paper?" (Page ) Melinda's second attempt at a tree ends up a failure. After trying to draw a simple second-grade tree, she realizes that this is going to be harder that it looks. This tree that Melinda draws is a "giving up tree". This symbolizes a lot in Melinda's journey to inner peace. After the first tree Melinda drew there was hope, but in this drawing, it is like she has given up completely and there is little hope evident. The situation at school is getting worse and everyone is ridiculing Melinda. To make this even worse her parents do nothing but yell at her. Instead of sitting down and asking what is the matter, they keep on yelling at her. They are completely oblivious to what is happening to Melinda. All these things are making Melinda feel this way, all these things are overwhelming Melinda. It looks like she is about to give up completely.

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This tree that she draws also represents the fact that Melinda is not being her self and that she is trying to change her self in order to cover up and forget about the rape. She draws the very simple tree that is without emotion and feeling. This shows something very important. This shows that she wants to forget about the rape and pretend like it never happened. This is evident in her drawing because from trees being hit by lightning to simple effortless trees shows that instead of solving the crisis that is bothering her; she would rather pretend it never happened. The problem with this is that if she just forgets about it then she'll never solve the problem and it will torment her the rest of her life.

"I have already ruined six linoleum blocks. I can see it in my head a strong old oak tree with a wide scarred trunk and thousands of leaves reaching to the sun." (Page 78) Next, Melinda experiments with linoleum to do her tree project. Melinda ends up using six linoleum blocks in order to complete her project. This effort to make her project look right symbolizes her effort to recover from the rape incident. She keeps on trying and trying, and when she fails she tries again. Her effort to forget is directly symbolic of her effort to make a complete tree. The only thing that is missing that it doesn't make it a complete tree is that it doesn't "breath". In Melissa's case, the only thing that is missing from her is her ability to speak. This is what is missing from her to make her complete.

In addition, the linoleum is directly symbolic of the process that she has to go through to recover from the incident that plagues her mind and soul. To make art out of linoleum, it takes a lot of time and it is an extremely hard task, the same with her recovery. Melinda's recovery process will be very difficult (considering that she doesn't have any friends or even family that will help her) and it will take a long time until she has gotten over the incident. Furthermore when you work with linoleum it is very unforgiving for once you mess up that is it, you can't fix it. You must start all over again. The same with Melinda, once she messes up in her recovery she can't go back and fix things. Also, as she is cutting away at the linoleum it is like she is cutting away at her old self because she is recovering. The cutting away from the linoleum symbolizes how she is cutting away and recuperating from the rape.

"A sound explodes from me. 'NNNOOO!!!" (Page 14) At this point Melissa is trapped in her closet, the place that has always kept her safe, with Andy Evans. Once again she is about to be attacked. The only thing that could save her now is her voice. As soon as she tries to scream nothing comes out. Then when Andy starts to get more aggressive Melinda screams as loud as she can. She then smashes the mirror with her turkey bone sculpture. The mirror shatters and subsequently Melinda reaches and picks up a triangular piece of glass and points it at Andy's throat. Andy backs off and the lacrosse team comes to the rescue Melinda. This gives back Melinda's ability to communicate and to speak with others. As a result of this Melinda's reputation with others changes. The people at school now think differently about Melinda and that it wasn't her fault at the party.

"I slam it against Maya's poster. I hear a crunch." In this scene Melinda has managed to recover from the incident. In this scene Melinda smashes here mirror with her poster on it. This small scene actually symbolizes a lot. The act of breaking the mirror represents Melinda freeing her-self from her old-self. In other words Melinda has liberated her-self from the quiet, and scared person she used to be and now she is able to do everything she used to do before the rape. Also the reason Melinda put up the poster of Maya was because she was afraid and scared to look in the mirror to see her self, so she put up Maya in place of the mirror. Maya was some one that Melinda dreamed of becoming. But when she smashed the mirror it was like she wasn't afraid to accept who she was and she got the courage back that she lost since the rape.

Once Melinda repossessed her ability to speak, attempts one last time to draw her tree. This time she gets her tree to be alive and the more importantly breathe. "My tree is definitely breathing; little shallow breaths like it just shot up through the ground this morning." When Melinda said this it was like she was talking about herself because her soul is like that tree she drew, it just started to breath. Also her tree is like no other that she's drew before. This tree is a tree that has both brown and green leaves; it is a thin tree with skinny branches. This tree she drew is metaphorical for her personality and charter in many aspects. First the green and brown leaves symbolize her emotions. Her emotions are half dead and half alive because in one sense apart of her has died due to the rape but in another sense she recovered from the rape and is now exploring a new life once again.

All in all, this entire incident was both a lose and a gain for Melinda. Through out her whole year of school Melinda learns a lot about her self and all these lessons she has acquired will help her deal with problems in the future and the incident she has experienced will most likely not happen again.

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The guildford four

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After the incredulity and then the euphoria of release from jail, the four people who had served 15 years for the Guildford pub bombings in 174 had to find a life. Three are now married with families but the years of adjustment have been painful. Ten years ago today the only thing that mattered was when Lord Lane, the lord chief justice, pronounced those magic words the convictions of Gerry Conlon, Carole Richardson, Paul Hill and Paddy Armstrong were unsafe and unsatisfactory. Conlon, a wild and wiry bundle of suppressed energy with delirious sisters on either arm, was the only one to face the crowds outside the front door of the Old Bailey. He punched the air in defiance and ran the wrong way down the street. Just like a confused animal, his lawyer thought. Conlon was then 5. Richardson, 17 at the time of her arrest, was shocked and weak at the knees. She and her former boyfriend, Armstrong, disappeared separately out the back. She just wanted to hide. Hill, who was still serving life for a murder in Northern Ireland, was taken to Crumlin Road prison in Belfast and bailed two days later. Theirs was the first of the momentous Irish miscarriage of justice cases which convulsed the criminal justice system and led to a rare royal commission. The crisis of confidence was encapsulated in one of Lord Lanes concluding remarks The officers must have lied. The ramifications - on disclosure of evidence, the right to silence and to jury trials, the credibility of the police, the quality of forensic services and the question of racism - are still reverberating. Psychological effectsFor the four people who had lost their youth, a personal trauma of equal intensity lay in store. As Gareth Peirce, Gerry Conlons solicitor, put it They come out with no money and no counselling. They have no references, its difficult to open a bank account, you cant get a mortgage. They have no GP. You dont belong. Little things - the pace of life and the gadgetry invented since 174 - caused panic. They found the noise of traffic and crossing the road frightening. Youre inadequate, youve no skills, said Conlon. But the most serious effects of 15 years in prison, most of them in category A, was psychological. Three years ago Adrian Grounds, a psychiatrist at the Institute of Criminology at Cambridge, examined Conlon and four of the Birmingham Six who were released in 11. He found that they were suffering from irreversible, persistent and disabling post-traumatic stress syndrome. He compared their mental state with that of brain damaged accident victims or people who had suffered war crimes. It often made them impossible to live with, he said. Some have fared worse than the others. After some manic trans-Atlantic campaigning for the Birmingham Six and other victims of injustice, Conlon descended into a cocaine haze, from which he is only now emerging. Ive been off it since last November, he says. He is on the dole in a one bedroom flat on the south coast, and seeking the counselling that he realises he needed long ago. For a while the cocaine took away the nightmares. Armstrong, 48, tried to settle into work but got caught up in the temptations of drink and gambling. He is now married and living in Dublin with a child. Hes unemployed and friends say just coping. Hill, 44, who had his Belfast conviction quashed, famously married Courtney Kennedy, the daughter of Robert Kennedy who was assassinated in 168. They live with their three-year-old child in Washington. But their marriage has had its strains to the extent that they sought help. Richardson, who has kept the lowest profile, has probably emerged the strongest, despite eight years on category A in grim Durham prison. She is happily married with an eight-year-old daughter, says her solicitor Alastair Logan. All four received ex-gratia compensation payments after several years negotiating with the governments assessor, Sir David Calcutt. Three have agreed a settlement of around £500,000 but Hills final figure has still to be arrived at. All the solicitors believe Calcutt has been mean with his awards. Oliver Kelly, Hills Belfast lawyer, describes him as stingy, uncooperative and inaccessible. Mr Kelly says His assessments fall far short of what a reasonable person would expect. In these cases there should be no penny pinching. Mrs Peirce says his miserly approach was the final insult. Mr Logan, for Richardson, believes that Calcutt should have awarded punitive damages. The case and those that followed contributed to a change of culture in the system. Police and forensic science witnesses were no longer considered infallible. Confessions alone meant risky justice. There was a recognition that terrible mistakes had and could be made. Prosecutors had to be more open and judges more sensitive. The high point in this sea change, it is widely held, was the 1 court of appeal judgment in the Judith Ward M6 coach bombing case which delivered a searing indictment of police, crown lawyers and scientists for their failure to disclose relevant material. Twelve soldiers and members of their families, returning to Catterick camp in North Yorkshire, were killed in the explosion. Retrograde stepsThe Conservative governments response was Lord Runcimans royal commission which reported in 1 - ironically the year of the bungled Stephen Lawrence murder investigation and the appointment of the reactionary home secretary Michael Howard. Its key proposal, a criminal cases review commission, was up and running three years later. Despite early criticism of its lack of independent investigative powers, its robust approach in sending many cases back to the court of appeal has been applauded. Chris Mullin, now environment minister and the former chairman of the home affairs select committee which championed the Birmingham Six, said the commission was a large step forward which had to be hard fought for. Most of the changes have been undoubtedly for the better. But some of the other laws that have flown from its recommendations have been seen as retrograde. Defence barristers and civil liberties groups unanimously criticised the erosion of the right to silence. A judge can now draw adverse inferences from a defendants refusal to answer police questions, although Mr Mullin argued that it was not unreasonable to expect a person to give an account of themselves if they were innocent. The critics also condemned disclosure rules that say the defence has to reveal its case while the prosecution retains the right to hand over only what it thinks is relevant. Mrs Peirce says The royal commission was illiberal. Things have got worse now as any defence lawyer will tell you. John Wadham, the director of Liberty, added The Guildford Four were the first people detained under the prevention of terrorism act and it is disappointing that this legislation remains in place, despite the peace process and the governments commitment in opposition not to renew it. In addition, the governments proposal to remove the defendants right to elect jury trial in either way cases will add to the number of miscarriages of justice.

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