How to Refinish Hardwood Floors

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Refinishing hardwood floors is hard work and costly. Some people opt to hire a professional, but most of the equipment is available at your local hardware store and rental center and the steps are staightforward. Refinishing floors requires many steps.

The first step is to move your furniture to another room or outside. Then remove the existing floor. Remove anything that isnt nailed down and sweep the floor thoroughly. Remove any leftover carpet staples with diagonal pliers. Use a hammer and nailset to sink any exposed nails that may damage the abrasives or sanding machines. Leave the baseboards unless you plan to replace them. If so, use a shim behind the pry bar to avoid damaging the walls. Next, to avoid spreading dust, hang plastic covering over the doorways and place towels under the doors and over the vents. Lastly, walk the whole floor checking for squeaks, cracks, and any other repairs that should be done before sanding.

Next, you will need the necessary equipment to refinish the floors. You will need a putty knife for filling gaps and cracks. There really isnt a definitive procedure for filling cracks. Its up to the individual to decide which cracks to fill, just make sure they are filled before beginning to sand.

After filling in the cracks its time to sand the floors. Sanding is a very dusty job, you will want to wear a dust mask. Also ask for instructions and a demonstration on how to operate the equipment. First use a drum sander fit with coarse paper. Start the sander off the floor and slowly lower it onto the floor. Simutaneously walk the sander forward going with the grain of the wood, unless the floor is badly warped. In that case, sand diagonally to the wood grain. Sand from wall to wall on about one-half of the room, making a forward and backward pass. Never let the sander sit in one spot, it will make a gouge or swirl mark in seconds. Wher the drum sander cant reach, such as wall edges and corners, use a edge sander. Slowly lower it to the floor and use a left to right semi-circular motion to feather out the sanding. After the rough sanding, change to a medium grit and sand the entire floor the same way. For the final sanding us a fine grit. Vacuum the entire room, including the walls and ceilings. Avoid using a damp rag because moisture will cause the exposed wood to rise.

When the room is clean its time to select a stain. Oil-based stains are the most popular. They are reliable and available in a variety of colors, and for the time being, the better choice of stains. Water-based stains are just in the beginning stages of development. Whichever type of stain is chosen always follow the directions, note the drying times and test the stain on a scrap piece of wood before applying it to the floor. Before applying the stain, make sure you are working in a ventilated area. Because many products produce harmful vapors. Staining an entire floor goes faster with two people, one applying the stain and the other wiping off the excess. Using a rag, apply the stain, cutting in from the corners and going with the grain of the wood. Wipe off any excess and change rags often. Let the stain dry overnight and avoid walking on the floor. After the stain has dried, select your finish. There are two basic types of finishes, polyurethane and water-based urethane. Polyurethane is the most commonly used, but cures out slowly. However, it usually only takes two to three coats to get a nice finish. Water-based urethane is less toxic, but thinner and it takes three or more coats. When you have selected a finish, apply with a foam applicator. Avoid drips and thick overlaps. Start at the farthest point from the doorway and apply an even coat. Work with the wood grain in five inch sections. Let dry for twenty-four hours. Use a damp cloth to wipe away any dust and apply the final coat just like the previous one. Stay off the finish and avoid stirring up any dust while the finish cures.

After you have finished and see the results, all the hard work was well worth it. Not only does it make the whole house look better, its also a great investment.

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Separation of church and state

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Separation of Church and State is a very imperative and principle part of our political, legal, and historical heritage. A "wall of separation" between Church and State was established in the first amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. This amendment guarantees religious freedom for all. Church and State, should, unquestionably, remain as two separate institutions that are in no way intertwined with the other.

As early as the reign of Constantine, the Emperor of the Roman Empire, the issue of Church and State was very prevalent. However, during this time, as well as previously, Church and State were connected. The emperors before Constantine were pagans and made paganism the official religion of the Roman Empire. However, Constantine prayed to the Christian God for help in a battle and ended up winning. As a result of this life-altering event, or change of heart, Constantine became the first Christian Emperor and allowed Christians to practice freely in his Empire through the Edict of Milan in 1 C.E. This precedent angered and astonished many people; however the Christians could now worship freely without having to worry about persecution.

Throughout Constantine's rule, he became involved in church matters and tried to run the church. This is because he, just like those before him, saw religion as a way of unifying all of the people under his rule.

Constantine, through his reign as Emperor, had one of the biggest effects ever on Christianity. Christianity was once powerless and poor, but at that time it became amalgamated with the biggest force known to man. As head of the Empire, Constantine was admired and looked up to by many. His role as ruler, more than likely, opened people's eyes to a religion that was once illegal and frowned upon by past emperors. As a result of the influence of Constantine, Christianity became more accepted and practiced.

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Although connecting Church and State proved to be a tremendous political maneuver for the growth and proliferation of Christianity, the Church and State should stay separated. One of the main reasons for this argument is that it will attract some power hungry people to the religious profession. Also, it could cause priests that were already in the vocation to become corrupt. A priest's number one concern should be spreading the Word of God to those around him; However, he should not have to worry about what his views on a current presidential candidate, for example, should be.

Church and State should also not be connected because not all people share our belief in God or the beliefs in the basic tenets of Catholicism. This would be very unfair for those people because if these two were united, then everything going on in this country would, in some way, deal with the beliefs upheld by the Church. Also, if they were united, it would cause disunity through out our country because many people would feel aloof and separated from the country.

My personal political views are affected by my religious views. This is because I believe that it is necessary for those who run the government to share the same views as myself. Many of these views, however, are ones that are commonly up for debate by religious and political leaders.

One of these views that are highly controversial is the issue of whether those at public schools should have to say prayers during the school day. Prayers should not be said at public schools. Although, in the perfect world, it would be great if everyone could pray together at a public institution, it would be considered unconstitutional if this did occur. It would also be very biased if prayers were said in public schools because not all people that follow a religion say the same prayers as we do.

Church and State is a very complex and controversial topic. During the times of Emperor Constantine, the two institutions were connected, which proved to be a very great tactic for the growth of the Church. However, Church and State, as declared in the Constitution should stay separated.

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It's OK to be NORML

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Marijuana laws in this country should be reformed. Shared by many Americans, Keith Stroup founded the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana laws or NORML in 170. NORML views the laws against the possession and sale of marijuana as unfair and works to reform them. In the thirty-two year history of the organization, Keith, along with the other reformers, has made little headway on in this war on drugs. The reformers of NORML work diligently day in and day out to get justice for responsible pot smokers in a society where marijuana smoking appears taboo for many citizens. According to NORML, half a million US citizens get arrested each year on marijuana offenses.

NORML's main purpose, "lobby in Congress and state legislatures for more rational and cost-effective marijuana policies," has other sub-purposes as well. (NORML home) NORML also provides legal assistance, in the form of expert witnesses and criminal attorneys specializing in the defense of marijuana crimes. (NORML Home) Along with attorneys, NORML also provides testimony to help offenders defend themselves in a court of law. This not-for-profit organization also serves as a marijuana law reform advocate with the media nationwide. The mission statement of NORML, adopted by the board of directors February 7, 1, to move public opinion sufficiently to achieve the repeal of marijuana prohibition so that the responsible use of cannabis by adults is no longer subject to penalty, says what the organization strives to achieve. (NORML home)

Across the nation, NORML works for the decriminalization of marijuana for recreational and medical use. NORML believes, "All penalties should be eliminated for responsible use." (NORML home) Not only does NORML believe in marijuana decriminalization, but the organization also believes that by doing this, "the crime, corruption, and violence caused by the 'black market' would see a significant reduction due to a legally regulated market […] where consumers could buy marijuana in a safe and secure environment." (NORML home) NORML also works toward the "legalization of hemp, non-psychoactive marijuana, for industrial use." (NORML home)

In terms of national effort, NORML has recently released a half million-dollar ad campaign aimed at getting the word to the masses that you can still achieve success if you smoke marijuana. This campaign features politicians, such a Mayor Bloomberg of New York City, who admits to smoking marijuana. (Wishnia) NORML also maintains an internationally viewable website with which they keep the viewers aware of news around the United States and abroad about the goings on in the marijuana community.

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Texas has some very strict laws on the possession and sale of marijuana. The penalties in Texas range from misdemeanor possession of two ounces or less, which can carry one hundred-eighty days in jail and a two thousand dollar fine, to felony possession of over a ton, which carries five to ninety-nine years in prison and a fifty thousand dollar fine along with a permanent record that will haunt the offender if they ever get released from prison. (NORML home) The laws become even stricter if money is involved in the trade. Even a gift of a quarter of an ounce carries one hundred eighty days in jail and a two thousand-dollar fine. (NORML home) Sale to a minor, under the age of eighteen, carries an immediate felony conviction with two to twenty years in prison and a ten thousand-dollar fine. (NORML home) If the sale takes place within one thousand feet of a school or three hundred feet of a special area, such as a public pool, youth center, or a video arcade, the penalty goes to the next level of punishment. (NORML home) Drug paraphernalia possession in Texas carries only a civil citation and up to a five hundred dollar fine, while the sale of it holds a misdemeanor conviction, one year in jail, and a three thousand-dollar fine. (NORML home)

Among the efforts in Texas, new chapters need to be founded, money raised, and membership increased. (NORML home) Texas NORML has a new president to help achieve these goals. He is Mark Stepnoski, a former Dallas Cowboy center. Mark believes in the responsible use of marijuana as well as the rest of the organization. He also stated that the continued incarceration of responsible marijuana smokers is a waste of taxpayer money and believes marijuana should fall into the same category as alcohol for responsible use by adults only. (Fox)

The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana laws aims for the legalization, or having a regulated market, and decriminalization of marijuana. NORML will continue its national efforts with ad campaigns and state chapter efforts to reform the laws in each state. NORML's philosophy emanates in a statement made by President Jimmy Carter, August , 177. "Penalties against drug use should not be more damaging to an individual than use of the drug itself. Nowhere is this more clear than in the laws against the possession of marijuana in private for personal use." (NORML home)

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The Beach

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The sun shines in my windows creating an ever so bright wave of light stretching throughout the walls that encompass my room. I slowly open up my eyes and reaching up towards the sky, I stretch, realizing that it is the start of a new day. As I sit up in bed, looking down on the sandy beaches below, watching the little children and their families as they dash across the sand into the bright blue waves, the aroma of breakfast cooking below quickly reaches my nose. Before even stopping and thinking twice, I hop out of bed and scamper downstairs to find my mom making pancakes and bacon. I sit down at the little island in the middle of the kitchen on a bar stool type chair and before I know it, my mom places three pancakes and four strips of bacon on a plate in front of me with a bowl of the most delicious fruit off to the side and a glass of milk to my right. After devouring my breakfast, I gaze out the back door, and the looks of the beaches capture my interest and look quite inviting, so without hesitation I put on my black bathing suit, grab my blue and green striped towel and sprint out the back door, down the five steps in to the warm, sun baked sand. As I reach the actual beach where all the people are enjoying the days' activities, I spread out my towel near the waters edge. I spread my towel out ever so carefully so that the bottom of my towel will not come in contact with the water, a wet towel does little good.

Already spralled out on a towel down by the water's edge is my boyfriend and as I gaze over at him, he lays there quietly with sunglasses covering his bright blue eyes as he buries his naked feet in the warm sand. I tap him on the shoulder trying to get his attention, however he does not acknowledge my existence as he is to relaxed listening to the sounds of children playing and the large white tipped waves crashing in front of him. I lean over once again, this time smacking him a little harder. Startled, he quickly sits up and looks over at me, soon a smile comes across his face stretching across each rosy red cheek. We exchange looks as if to read each others minds and we dart up and sprint down in to the water. We reach the edge of the water where it meets the dry sand and he quickly comes to a halt, after setting maybe his big toe in the water. I continue in not worrying about the cold temperature of the water and dive in the wave before it crashes down. All around are children on boogie boards and rafts, a few parents dare to set foot in the water, most stand where my boyfriend is, at the water's edge. I come leaping back towards my boyfriend, covered in water, splashing droplets higher than I am with each footfall. My boyfriend, realizing what I am doing tries to turn and run away before getting splashed, but I catch up to with out trouble. I jump on to his back covering him in the cold water. Before long, he is dragged in to the water with a minimal amount of fighting. As we play in the ocean, jumping the waves and floating in the water together, time quickly passes us by. We head back to dry land in time to dry by the afternoon sun as it is out shining down brightly on the beach.

The beach soon begins to clear out, as families head in for the evening. Not too long after we began sitting on the beach, we hear my mom's voice calling us from the house telling us that it is time to come in and get ready for dinner. With a sigh, we yell back to her that we are on our way. The waves settle down as high tide comes to end. It is almost like a signal that it is time to head in and begin the evenings activities full of dinner and a late night walk on the beach. The stars come out shining bright and the romantic feeling prevails across the beach. Walking down the sand, it is now cold and only a few people roam the beaches. Here and there are a few groups of teenagers, much like ourselves, huddling around life guard chairs or just in the middle of the beach, talking and enjoying the night. We stroll down the beach by the water before finding a perfect place to sit down and relax. Everything seems so perfect, so calm and peaceful. The beaches are illuminated solely by the moon and stars above and the waves crashing on the sand adds to the romantic setting. We sit together enjoying our night, hoping it will never end.

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Dickens/Austen

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Dickens/ Austen Prompt

Jane Austen and Charles Dickens portray a marriage proposal in their novels which differ in rhetorical strategies. While Austen uses a more condescending and

non-intimate proposal, Dickens has a more humble and romantic approach to the proposal.

Austen's proposal begins with the phrase that reflects the selfishness and arrogance of his entire proposal "My reasons." Throughout the proposal Austen lists the reasons why he should marry, rather than listing what he has to offer her. His first reason for matrimony is simply that a clergyman "like [him]self should marry in order to set the example." He later adds that his patroness declared that a "clergy man like [him] must marry." Apparently, Austen sets himself on a high horse because of his status as a clergyman. Austen blatantly states, "I am convinced that it will add to greatly to my happiness." No where in his proposal does Austen add that he will bring joy to her life as well, proving that while Austen intends to win her hand in marriage, it is not likely that she is impressed by his choice of words. Further, Austen states, "and thirdly-which perhaps I should have mentioned earlier…"and right when the reader expects Austen to declare his undying love for the woman, he merely reveals that the main reason for his proposal is that his patroness convinced him to do so. Austen's proposal is obviously impersonal and unaffectionate because Austen discloses that his proposal is not something that he necessarily wanted but rather something he and his patroness felt that he needed. When Austen adds that his patroness asked him to "chuse properly, chuse a gentlewoman for my sake; and for your own…fund such a woman as soon as you can, bring her to Hunsford, and I will visit her," Austen reveals that this woman will be evaluated under the criteria of his patroness. The only point at which Austen compliments the woman he is proposing to is when he states "your wit and vivacity I think must be acceptable to [my patroness]." It is almost as if he is recruiting someone for a job rather than proposing to a woman. Clearly, Austen uses a cocky marriage proposal without ever appealing to the woman's emotions.

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Charles Dickens, on the other hand, uses a humble and emotionally rich proposal to win the heart of the love of his life. The second sentence in his proposal is simply stated "I love you." These three words contain more meaning and value than Austen's entire proposal, and Austen elaborates it by detailing the "tremendous attraction" he feels for her. He continues by describing the extent of his love for her by stating, "You could draw me to fire, you could draw me to water, you could draw me to the gallows, you could draw me to any death, you could draw me to anything I have most avoided…" The repetition of you could draw me and the hyperbolic ideas serve to emphasize Dickens' vulnerability and passion; he would do anything for her love. At this point the woman is likely enthralled and weak at the knees; Dickens is achieving his purpose. Dickens further convinces the woman of his love for her by stating, "But if you would return a favourable answer to my offer of marriage, you could draw me to good-every good-with equal force." Dickens states that all he needs to be satisfied and content is for her to share her life with him and agree to his proposal. In addition, Dickens explains why he wants to marry her, as well as expresses what he has to offer her, indicating that the selflessness in his proposal. He tells her, "You would want for nothing" in order to convince her of his intentions to satisfy her and make certain that she is fulfilled in their marriage. Dickens also includes that his "reputation is quite high, and it will be a shield for [hers]." Obviously, Dickens is not merely self-interested, but wants her to know of the advantages to marrying him as well. He appeals to her emotions by stating that he longs for her to feel pride in his work, and that he will "try hard that [she] should." Evidently Dickens puts this woman, rather than himself, on a high horse; he strives to impress her and convince her that he has admirable characteristics. Dickens emphasizes his love for her once again by declaring that the makes the proposal "with all [his] heart." By the end of the proposal Dickens appears to plead, "I only add that if it is any claim on you to be in earnest, I am in thorough earnest, dreadful earnest." The repetition of the word earnest implies that Dickens hopes the woman will understand and respond positively to his sincere proposal. This closing sentence is meant to "seal the deal," or finalize her decision. Obviously, Dickens' approach to the proposal of is far more touching and emotional than Austen's manner of proposing.

Jane Austen unsentimental and cocky proposal and Charles Dickens' passionate and selfless proposal differ enormously in their rhetorical strategies. While a woman who received Austen's proposal would be offended and unsympathetic, a woman who received Dickens' proposal would likely be crying tears of joy and bliss.

 

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