History Research

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Propaganda

Dr Joseph Goebbels was in charge of propaganda

Goebbels aims of propaganda were to make others believe Hitler was the saviour of Germany. Their aims was to make German people accept Hitler and to approve of Nazism.

The propaganda that was used by the nazis were posters, televisions, cinema, public events such as book burning, rallies, newspapers, radio and the 1 Olympics.

The Nuremberg rallies took place in the summer of every year. They consisted of marches, flying displays, bands, parades and speeches made by Hitler.

The Nazis controlled the media in many ways. No books could be published without Goebbels permission. This was to ensure that no negative messages about the Nazis were being read. He organised a book burning which was a great publicity stunt to attract people to come and burn books, which contained ideas that the Nazis would classify as inappropriate.

Goebbels also controlled the newspapers. He knew that Nazism would create a lot of controversy so he kept a close eye on it to be certain that no anti-nazi ideas were being printed. But as there were Jewish editors and journalists they became unemployed.

The Nazis didn't want anyone opposing the Nazis so soon all the anti-nazi papers were prohibited from being published

The cinema films had to portray a positive message about Nazism and contained messages from Hitler at the beginning of films

Posters covered walls giving a positive image of Hitler and criticized the Jews

Goebbels wanted every household to have a radio because they repeated speeches by Hitler as if to force them to accept Hitler

Goebbels banned jazz music because it was associated with black people and they were considered to be inferior. The Olympics was to show that the Aryan race were superior. They made the stadium look modernised so that they could show that Germany was modern, civilised and a successful country.

The visitors were amazed at their faiclities of the stadium. Also at the beginning they the Germans were leading perhaps making people think that the Aryan race was superior. However the winners were mostly black people and many people did not like the blatant propaganda so people did not like it.

Women

The Nazis considered women as only mothers and wives. A newspaper headline once read 'No true German woman wears trousers'. This showed that they preferred men to be dominating.

Women were encouraged to have children by getting a gold cross for having 8 children and gained a privileged seat in Nazi meetings. Propaganda was also used to promote motherhood

The birth rate did increase 15 per 1000 and then increased to 0 per 1000 in 1. The plans to tempt women into having children had been successful as the birth rate increased

Source 0 shows a painting of the Nazis image of and ideal German family. The woman has a husband and has four kids. She does not look very glamorous and is not dressed in impressive cloting. I think that the Nazis preferred the women to be more focused on mothering the children than on make up

The Nazis encouraged discrimination against women applicants for job. They wanted women to remain at home with her children. The numbers of jobs available for women were deliberately limited. This must mean that they didn't approve of women working. However they needed women to work during the war but thin was a contrast to the ideal woman that was illustrated in the picture.

Economic Policy

The Nazis help reduce unemployment for 6 million German people. A large number of men were given jobs due to conscription. This meant that they had to join the war. This gave employment for over a million men. However this did need money for uniform, weapons etc. So coal mines and factories gave more opportunities for workers. And then more people were needed as engineers, designers and fitters for constructing for the air force.

Law and Order

The police force in Nazi Germany had changed for the benefit of the Nazis. The high status jobs in the police force were given to high ranking Nazis. This then enabled them to report of what was happening to Himmler who was head of Germany's police. This meant that they had more power and were able to do things that normal civilians couldn't. They were also under strict instructions to ignore any crimes that were committed by Nazi agents.

The law courts in Nazi Germany were controlled by the Nazis, as well as the judges and the magistrates. This allowed Nazi agents to be excused for any crimes committed and were unfair to any opponents of Nazism.

Reinhard Heydrich was in charge of the Gestapo. The Gestapo's main aim was to reduce opponents of Nazism and to get rid of anyone who didn't like or approve of Hitler. They had power to send anyone to concentration camps on suspicion without reason.

Himmler who was head of Germany's police was also in charge of the SS. The SS men who were very loyal to Hitler had a main responsibility of destroying opposition to the Nazis. They also had units who were in charge of the concentration camps and it was their duty to get rid of the Jews.

The very first concentration camps were set up in Poland December 8th 1 as soon as Hitler came to power. They had used old factories or warehouses in isolated rural areas.

 

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What is Psychosurgery?

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Psychosurgery is the scientific treatment of mental disorders by means of brain surgery.

To us it may seem absurd that the destruction of an area of the brain could lead to an improvement of a mental process.

But, consider what happens when another organ in the body threatens the well being of the whole. Many times the only solution is to remove the organ permanently and eliminate the source of the problem.

Ancient Psychosurgery

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Brain surgery is perhaps the oldest of the practiced medical arts. There is evidence of brain surgery dating back to the late Stone Age period. The success rate was very good, even circa 7000 B.C.

Brain surgery was also used for spiritual and magical reasons; usually limited to kings or priests.

Surgical tools were found in South America made of bronze or obsidian. Also Africa showed evidence of brain surgery as early as ,000 B.C. in papyrus writings found in Egypt. "Brain," the word, is used here for the first time in any language.

Hippocrates, the father of medical ethics, left many texts on brain surgery. Many concepts in his writings were still in use two thousand years after his death in 60 B.C.

Some of the most famous ancient brain surgeons were; Aulus Cornelius Celsus of Rome. Galenus of Pergamon, born in Turkey. The physicians of Byzance such as Oribasius and Paul of Aegina. There was also an Islamic school of brain surgery from 800 to 100 A.D., the height of Islamic influence in the world. The greatest Islamic brain surgeon wasAbu Bekr Muhammed el Razi, who lived from 85 to A.D. Aby l'Qluasim Khalaf was also an Islamic brain surgeon that practiced in Cordoba, Spain. He was one of the great influences on western brain surgery.

The early procedure was called Trepanning. The first historical and medical accounts of trepanning were made in 1867, by E.G. Squier, in North America and by Paul Broca in Europe.

In the Medieval times, operations were performed by quack doctors, to extract the so-called "stone of madness", which was believed to be the source of mental illness.

Early Pioneers

The road to scientific psychosurgery started with the discovery that certain parts of the brain controlled temperament, mood and intellect.

A bizarre and well publicize case was very important in the realization of the effects of serious damage to a part of the brain, the prefrontal cortex. It became a classical case in the neurology textbooks.

It was that of Phineas Gage, a young railroad construction supervisor in Vermont. In September 1848, there was an explosion projecting a tamping rod against his head. The rod entered his head through his left cheek, destroyed his eye, traveled through the frontal part of the brain, and left the top of the skull at the other side. He was taken to a local doctor, John Harlow, who took care of him. He could both walk and talk. He not only survived, he recovered. Months later, Gage began to have dramatic changes in mood and behavior. He became extravagant and anti-social. He was no longer "himself".

Phineas Gage became a classical case in the textbooks of neurology. The part of the brain which he had lost, was forever associated to the mental and emotional functions which he had lost.

Scientific neurosurgery started for real in the 1th century. In Boston, in the Massachusetts General Hospital, the first surgery under ether anesthesia was performed in 1867.

In 18, William Macewen, a Scottish general surgeon, reported on 1 patients that he operated on for brain abscesses, 18 of whom were cured. Macewen planned his first brain surgery based on the clinical observations of Paul Broca, who was first to determine the location of the speech center of the brain. Victor A.H. Horsley, also became an important predecessor of psychosurgery, due to his invention of the sterotactic technique and apparatus, in 10. Although he developed the technique for animal experimentation, in the 40's several neurosurgeons, such as Ernst Spiegel, in the United States, and Lars Leksell, in Sweden, developed and used for the first time this technique in delicate, precise and minimally invasive brain surgery.

Harvey Williams Cushing, an American, considered the greatest neurosurgeon of the twentieth century, developed a very influential school. From 105 on, he advanced neurosurgery by developing a series of surgical techniques, which are still in use today.

Lobotomy

In 180, a German scientist named Friederich Golz, while doing surgical experiments with dogs, reported that when the temporal lobes were removed, animals were more tame and calmer than those who were not operated on.

This inspired Gottlieb Burkhardt, a physician and supervisor of an insane asylum in Switzerland, to perform in 18 an operation to remove parts of the cortex of six schizophrenic patients. Some of his patients became calmer after the surgery (two of them died). Burkgardt was opposed and criticized by the medical authorities of his time so very few psychosurgeries of this kind were done in the next forty years.

In 16, the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz introduced a surgical operation, prefrontal leucotomy, which after an initial period came to be used particularly in the treatment of schizophrenia. The operation, later called lobotomy, consisted in incisions that destroyed connections between the prefrontal region and other parts of the brain.

At that time there did not exist any effective treatment for schizophrenia. The treatment became popular in many countries all over the world and Moniz received the Nobel Prize in 14.

Among those who followed Moniz' lead, was the nerologist and neurosurgeon team of Walter Freeman and James Wats in the United States. Freeman and Watts perfected the technique, arriving to what he called the "FreemanWatts Standard Procedure", which had a precise set of guidelines for insertion of the leukotome (the instrument for severing the frontal lobe).

Lobotomy took America and some other countries by storm. Between 1 and 151, more than 18,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States. It was widely abused as a method to control undesirable behavior. In Japan, the majority of the operated cases were children, many who simply had behavior problems or bad grades at school. Inmates at prisons for the insane were operated on, and families trying to get rid of difficult relatives would submit them to lobotomy.

Ethical objections began to pile up, because of the irreversible damage to the brain, and because of the severe effects of the surgery on the personality and emotional life of the patients. In addition, the appearance of new antipsychotic and antideppressive drugs, such as Thorazine in the 150's, gave new means to combat most of the symptoms experienced by patients. Neurosurgesns everywhere started to abandon lobotomy in favor of more humane methods of treatment.

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The Gorgeous America

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Few political documents have affected the world quite like the American Declaration of Independence or the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The repercussions of each have had a profound effect on world history up to this point. But why did these documents have such an effect? The answer lies in the common philosophical backgrounds of the two. The writings of Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu all contained ideas that were later used by Thomas Jefferson and the National Assembly to compose the two documents.

Rousseaus ideas of a social contract, which states that the general will and the people were sovereign, and if a king abuses the liberty of the people they have a right and a duty to dissolve the current government and create a new one (McKay, 581), were central to both documents. Jefferson had Rousseaus ideas in mind when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. The history of the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states...a prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people...we therefore...solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are...independent states... (Jefferson, 1-). The reasons, such as suspension of colonial legislatures, impressment of American sailors and the importation of mercenaries (Jefferson, ), given for the dissolution of the political connections that the American and British people have held for over 100 years all relate to the Kings tyrannical tendencies and the peoples right to choose a different government. The edict also states that although petitions of grievances were issued, the King turned a deaf ear.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man is not only built on the social contract, but also on Rousseaus idea of general will of the people. He defines the general will as being, Sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of the sovereign powers. (McKay, 581) Passing and enforcing arbitrary laws are considered to be an act of tyranny and a substantial reason, according to Rousseau, to declare the current government void and establish a new one. Article VII clearly states that arbitrary laws and orders cannot exist.(Sherman, 100) The fact that this is distinctly stated implies that arbitrary laws were being passed and enforced under Louis XVI. Article VI states that law is the expression of the general will every citizen has the right to participate personally or through his represenative.... (Sherman, 100)

Lockes ideas of natural rights, the rights of human beings to the pursuit of life, liberty, and property (McKay, 54), is clearly stated in both declarations. In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson used the exact words in the preamble - life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness - in which he uses happiness to mean property.(1) He also cites examples of the arbitrary suspension of liberties by George III such as the right to peaceably assemble, taxation without the consent of the colonists, maintenance of a peacetime standing army, and the right to a trial by jury.(1-)

A reference to natural rights also appear in the preamble of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Article II of the proclamation directly states, The aim of all political associations is the preservation of the natural ... rights of man (which are)... liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression. (Sherman, -100) Article IV defines liberty as

The freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assures to the other members of society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.(Sherman, 100)

The rights of freedom from arbitrary imprisonment and the idea of someone accused of a crime is innocent until proven guilty (Sherman, 100) were all laid out by the national Assembly and run parallel to Lockes ideas about human rights.

Montesquieus ideas of the courts being the foremost protector of liberties (577) is used as a reason for the break with Great Britain. The justices of the admiralty or naval courts that existed in colonial America served at Kings Pleasure rather than Good Behavior, ensuring that the decisions of the courts would be biased in favor of the King. The right to a trial by jury was also suspended for those who broke the laws laid down by the Navigation acts. The colonials expressed these concerns in the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of the Rights of Man also hold Montesquieus interpretation of the courts. It provides for the right to a trial and freedom from punishments that are not strictly and obviously necessary.(Sherman 100) It also holds that all men are equal in the eyes of the law.

Both the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen have common roots in the arguments of the Enlightenment, and in the Enlightened philosophies Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu. Rousseaus idea of a social contract, Lockes natural rights, and Montesquieus idea of the courts being the defenders of liberties all came into play when the two documents were written, and in being written, the culmination of the Enlightened thinkers came to their peak.

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Discrimination Claims and Civil Law

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Discrimination Claims Process and Civil Litigation

Claims Processing

This paper is designed to help you better understand the process of filing claims with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, with the different requirements and time frames for filing as well as discussing the process for civil litigation within the legal system and how it effects the individuals concerned.

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was developed to help protect employees from unjustly being hired or in some cases terminated from employment based on certain factors. Most of these factors are classified under discrimination, however there are listed several types of discrimination. The EEOC looks at items such as sexual harassment, equal pay and compensation, race/color, age, national origin, pregnancy, religious beliefs, Americans with Disabilities, and a few others. I feel that all of these issues can and have been abused for employment purposes in the past and could easily be abused again, without someone available to investigate these very issues. That is why the EEOC was developed. In order for the process to work, and be efficient, there must be a set process defined in order to assist the employee, but also the employer to allow for the truth to be discovered.

The process is fairly simple. When the employee feels that they have been wrongfully treated, they must report it to the EEOC office. They can do this in person, by mail, or by telephone. Once this charge has been filed, the employer will then be notified by the EEOC office of said charge. If in fact the feeling is that the initial facts reveal that a violation of law may have occurred, then it may be assigned a priority investigation. When the evidence is less strong, then an investigation will be assigned to determine if a violation has occurred. At any time the EEOC can seek to settle a charge if the charged or the charging party expresses an interest in doing so. In the investigation, written statements may be taken, document reviews, interviews of personnel, and even site visits may be performed. When the evidence has been collected, the EEOC office will then discuss the findings with the charging party or employer, as appropriate. The charge may be mediated if both parties express an interest. This is often offered as an alternative to a lengthy investigation. Participation in the mediation program is voluntary and confidential and must be agreed upon by both involved parties. A charge can be dismissed at any point, if the investigation reveals that in the agency's best judgment that a violation of law did not occur, or if enough evidence cannot be obtained in the investigation phase. When a charge is dismissed, a notice is issued in accordance with the law which gives the charging party 0 days in which to file a lawsuit on his/her behalf.

Most of the reportable items listed earlier in the paper are listed by the EEOC as under the civil rights component of their office. In this case most of the complaints have a 180 day reporting limit, if no state reporting limits are in place. If the state in which the complaint is being filed has a state limit, then this limit becomes the filing timeframe. Every filing must reach the EEOC office within 00 days or 0 days after state notification of termination of the charges. The American Disabilities Act (ADA), as well as the Age Discrimination Act (ADEA), has the same guidelines. When a complaint is filed, pertinent information, such as events, names, telephone numbers, witnesses, etc, will be beneficial to have. If a case is deemed appropriate and the complaint goes to court, the EEOC will represent itself, and will normally provide its formal legal views in what is called a "brief". As you can see, the process is not that difficult and even though the steps may be time consuming, the safety and fair treatment of employees are at stake here.

Civil Litigation

Another option that employees have when they feel that they have been mistreated is the civil courts. While some court items can be very intimidating at times, civil litigation is a fairly defined process. As we discussed earlier, the EEOC complaint process was fairly rigid in its design, so to be the civil litigation process. The civil litigation process can be broken down into eight steps. One of the main differences between criminal litigation and civil litigation is the "beyond reasonable doubt". In civil litigation a majority can rule, unlike in a criminal litigation where it has to be unanimous. OK, so the eight steps of the civil litigation process

Step One- The retention of an Attorney. This is someone who will guide the complainant through the legal process, and develop what is known as the statement of claim, which is basically the reason we are going to litigation.

Step Two- The defense. This is where the person whom has been charged with the complaint has the ability to gain information as to the charge and is usually given 10 days to do so, although most are granted an extension.

Step Three- Information gathering- this is where both parties concerned will investigate the complaint on their behalf and gather appropriate information. Much like the EEOC investigated charges at their end.

Step Four-Discovery phase-where witnesses are interview and depending on the case, maybe deposed, which is an interview under oath, that will sometimes take the place of needing to appear in court.

Step Five-Readiness Stage-where all of the issues that were uncovered during the information gathering and the discovery phase will be shared by both parties.

Step Six-Pretrial Conferences- this is where discussions are held, as far as mediation possibilities, plea agreements, etc, to avoid trial.

Step Seven-The actual trial occurs and who know what will happen. Some can occur before just a judge and others with a jury.

Step Eight if needed-appeals. This is where if you feel all the evidence was not presented or, if some actual information was miscommunicated, then an appeal can be requested. A judge will typically look at the appeal to see if it is warranted.

Conclusion

As you can see from the paper, the process to both the EEOC complaints as well as civil litigation can in fact be intimidating, however both of these processes are pretty well designed to follow a specific format, which in and of itself is not that difficult. This paper was intended to help define those processes and to allow the reader to better understand how the process is designed.

References

(1.) www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.html

(.) Dessler, Gary. (000). Human Resource Management.

Prentice Hall Upper Saddle river, New Jersey.

 

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"Problem of Society"

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A Remarkable Man

"It was very sad, he thought. The things men carried inside. The things men did or felt they had to do. He almost nodded at her (his love), but didn't. Instead, he went back to his maps. He was now determined to perform his duties firmly and without negligence…from that point on, he would comport himself as a soldier. On the march, he would impose strict field discipline. He would accept the blame from what had happened to Ted Lavender. He would be a man about it."

-Tim O'Brien, "The Things They Carried"

The first time I read The Things They Carried by Timothy O'Brien, I immediately identified with the work. It seemed that O'Brien had a very individualistic way of looking at horrid events and experiences in a light that I emulated. The Things They Carried is O'Brien's recap of his occurrence and involvement in the Vietnam War, a war that, for some reason, interests and affects me. This quotation is one of a many that I distinctly remember. It is the paragraph in the first chapter of the book where O'Brien describes the attitude Lieutenant Jimmy Cross decides to adopt after the killing of one of his men, Ted Lavender. Before the killing Ted Lavender, Cross emits an attitude of selfishness, and ironically, at the same time one of deep love for a woman at home. His complete and udder focus on this woman caused him to lose sight of why he was in Vietnam in the first place, which was to direct and lead his division, and serve his country.

Professional writers help on "Problem of Society" essays

This selection helps me frame and formulate what I see as the "problem" of ethics because it shows Cross' substitution of altruism with self-interest, disorder, and resentment. Cross' job as Lieutenant was to unify his troops, create a harmony amongst them, and perpetuate an everlasting hope of survival, all while selflessly leading them and his country to victory. His constant thoughts of his love back home hindered the completion of his job. They took over his mind, altering his actions, precautions, and orders. The problem of ethics in this is that people can easily become preoccupied with people, places, things, or events they believe to be more important than the actual entity of higher value. In comparison with the problem of ethics, Cross' problem was that while he may have had best intentions in mind for his troops (his morality in theory), the actions he carried out (morality in practice) contradicted this. That is the problem with ethics; selfless thoughts and selfish actions do not always coincide and, therefore, cause dilemmas within oneself and externally.

This quotation can summarize the solution used promote the good of the troops and people in general. In a smaller picture, Cross chooses to perform his duties more seriously, dispose of the thoughts that distracted him, and adjust his troops for a better performance. In the larger picture, this translates into taking life seriously, both thoughts and actions to make sure both coincide with one another. In other words, become selfless in action and thought; want peace and harmony for everyone regardless of the cost. This, however, is not really a solution to the problem. It offers a suggestion to the attitude people should hold to achieve good ethics and morals. Unfortunately, that is a lot easier said than done, and only that person can change their views and actions to be the most moral and ethical person they can be.

O'Brien's quotation can be compared to a Machiavellian quotation used in The Prince "…And a prince ought, above all things, always to endeavor in every action to gain for himself the reputation of being a great and remarkable man (Chapter 1)." This quotation can be compared and contrasted to Tim O'Brien's quotation. In both quotations, it is suggested that every action one carries out should be great and remarkable. However, the motives behind completing each task differ. Tim O'Brien feels that one should act a certain way because it is the right thing to do. In this certain instance, he feels that Cross should act differently and "be a man about" taking his responsibility seriously. O'Brien tells of Cross' realization that life in general, not just his life and the life of his loved one, is more important than everything else. When one has responsibility over another man's life, whether it is in some small, indirect way, or in the large, direct way that Cross is responsible for Lavender's life, the reality of that liability becomes greater and the stakes become higher. Machiavelli's motive behind his quotation is less selfless and more direct. He states that every endeavor you attempt should be giving you a better name. In a way, this is comparable to O'Brien's theory on making life better for you and for others. However, what Machiavelli literally means is that if it is not going to benefit you, it should not be done.

Machiavelli and O'Brien are very hard to compare even though both have an idea about morals and ethics. Machiavelli seems to be more direct and focuses more on self-interest through actions and words. In other words, do what is in your best interest. O'Brien makes his statement directed more towards the good of people through realization and conquering of internal struggles. Because once the internal qualms are identified and dealt with, people can work towards solving the problem concerning morals and ethics.

Overall, morals and ethics differ for everyone. They are not one specific set of rules, regulations, laws, or suggestions. They are dependent on various factors and experiences throughout your life and since everyone's life is different, everyone's ethics, morals, and actions are not going to be identical. The main problem with the controversy of true morals and ethics is self-interest. The minute another entity takes over your mind is the minute all focus is lost. Once the focus of what is really good and true disappears, disunity and corruption become the result. O'Brien deals with the problem by showing Cross' internal struggle on obsessing over his love, to realizing that he is the cause of disarray in his regiment. This realization causes his actions to change to better the good of himself, his troops, and the Vietnam War. Machiavelli, on the other hand, uses his quotation to state that as long as you are completing a task that is in the best interest of yourself, it is great and remarkable. Machiavelli shows how moral and ethics do not apply as long as a goal is accomplished successfully to benefit the reputation of the people and its country, and your reputation. The self-interested way of dealing with ethics and morals leads to problematic and corrupt society where it acceptable to do things for yourself without thinking of the consequences. O'Brien preaches the exact opposite. And while both Machiavelli and O'Brien offer ideas and suggestions for solutions, the main problem remains unsolved because we are human. The minute we as humans can become completely self-less is the minute the good of all people (ethics and morals) will be true.

Please note that this sample paper on "Problem of Society" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Problem of Society", we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on "Problem of Society" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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