Assess the contribution and impact of Tiberius as princeps

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Assess the contribution and impact of Tiberius as princeps

•After Augustus's death Tiberius reluctantly took on the role as princeps

•He started off with great promise for his dealings with mutinies among the frontiers and his contribution to foreign policy was carried out with real statesmanship (Tacitus admits to this)

•However his trust of the lecherous Sejanus and his retirement to Capri (with his minor building program), prove to have left the most impacting marks on his career

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Tiberius' Foreign Policy (provincial and frontier)

Tiberius' government of the empire was carried out with real statesmanship. Even Tacitus admits this

Provincial Policy

Tiberius recognised Rome's responsibility for the welfare of provincials, and would tolerate no abuses by governors or the Roman business class

Maintained strict discipline of troops in the provinces secured frontiers by diplomacy if possible

-Tacitus "Tiberius was happier to have secured peace by prudent negotiation than if he had fought a victorious war

Paid special attention to his choice of governors; retained many governors at their posts for extended periods, to increase efficiency

Sought to maintain justice not only for provincials but also for Roman citizens within the provinces

Maintained strict supervision of imperial legates to avoid oppression; prosecutions of governors and procurators charged with extortion were strict

Initiated road and bridge building, and established new settlements in Syria, Spain, Moesia, Dalmatia and Pannonia

Generous to provincial cities during disasters eg earthquakes

Avoided interfering in senatorial provinces, but kept a close eye on their administration

Checked the plundering of the equestrian tax companies; protected Egypt from excessive taxation

-Tacitus "He ensured also that the provinces were not harasses by new impositions and that old impositions were not aggravated through official acquisitiveness or brutality."

Did not encourage the worship of himself in the provinces

-From Tacitus To have my statues worshipped among the gods in every province would be presumptuous and arrogant. Besides, the honour to Augustus will be meaningless if it is debased by indiscriminate flattery. As for myself, senators, I emphasise to you that I am human, performing human tasks."

Gave provincial assemblies larger degree of autonomy

Tiberius' policy of leaving governors in office for long periods in order to benefit the provincials fell down when he made a poor judgement about a governor

Eg 10 years was too long for Pontius Pilatus (6-6) who was governor of Judaea at the time of Christ's crucifixion

Pontius Pilatus made a number of serious mistakes, provoking the inhabitants unnecessarily, and it took the governor of Syria, Vitellius, to conciliate the Jews after Pilatus was sent to Rome to stand trial

The senate resented his guidance and control in the provinces and were particularly affronted when he encroached on the senatorial sphere by refusing to permit a change of proconsuls for Asia and Africa and keeping the same men there for 6 years

The Influence of Sejanus on Tiberius

Tiberius' trusted adviser

After death of Germanicus, Tiberius planned to promote his own son Drusus to secure succession for him

In AD 1, Drusus' nd consulship, and in next year granted tribunician power

This embittered faction loyal to Germanicus and didn't suit the capable prefect of Praetorian Guard, L. Aelius Sejanus, who had become Tiberius' trusted adviser

Sejanus had been joint commander of the Guard with his father, and had served Augustus; accompanied Drusus to Pannonia during revolts of AD 14 and from ad 17 was sole prefect of Guard

Sejanus' ambition

Tacitus Sejanus "concealed behind a carefully modest exterior an unbounded lust for power."

Since Drusus suspected Sejanus' designs and resented his influence over his father, he had to be removed

To do this would not ensure Sejanus' rise to power, due to the abundance of members of the imperial house (Sejanus planned to remove these individuals at intervals)

Seduction of Livilla and death of Drusus

Sejanus seduced Livilla (wife of Drusus) and together they poisoned Drusus

Tiberius never got over Drusus' death in , became more morose, and came to depend on Sejanus to an even greater extent

Tiberius' retirement to Capri

Tiberius now made serious mistake

Retired to island of Capri, tired of plotting factions and hostility at court

Tacitus says Sejanus urged him to do so as he would control access to Emperor and most of correspondence [no evidence of truth in Tacitus' suggestions eg. Tacitus went to satisfy his perversions, to escape his bullying mother Livia]

Tiberius' government from Capri as efficient as ever, although his removal allowed Sejanus free rein with his intrigues

Sejanus saves Tiberius' life

Tiberius, Sejanus and servants dining in natural cavern when a rock-fall threatened the emperor's life

Sejanus protected Tiberius from falling boulders

This further increased Sejanus' power over Tiberius

From that time "Tiberius believed him disinterested and listened trustingly to his advice, however disastrous." Tacitus

Downfall of Sejanus

With the death of Livia, Sejanus appeared to be moving closer to the throne

1.He had control of the Praetorian Guard as sole prefect

.He had control of the senate as he controlled communications to and from Tiberius at Capri

.He was engaged to the granddaughter of Tiberius

4.He was granted proconsular imperium

5.He was honoured with statues and games

When it appeared that Tiberius was looking to Agrippina's youngest son (and his grandson through the adoption of Germanicus) Gaius the last son who had not been persecuted as yet by Sejanus ( eldest sons were exiled), Sejanus supposedly plotted to kill Tiberius (some say he plotted to kill Gaius)

Tiberius was alerted to the plot, and to the fact that Sejanus and Livilla had poisoned his son Drusus 8 years previously, by Antonia (mother of Germanicus and Claudius and Livilla; grandmother of Gaius)

Tiberius had to be very careful as Sejanus was in a very powerful position

Tiberius used Macro, the prefect of the Vigiles, to facilitate the destruction of Sejanus by giving him a letter to be read in the senate denouncing Sejanus as a traitor to Rome

Sejanus was arrested, taken to prison and executed immediately

From the death of Sejanus to the death of Tiberius, the period is referred to by Tacitus as the 'Reign of Terror'

Tacitus calls this a time of sheer crushing tyranny as many people were executed

Friends and family of Sejanus were executed

Sejanus himself had caused the deaths of many people through treason trials Agrippina, Nero Caesar and Drusus Caesar had all been imprisoned or exiled and then they died through suicide and starvation

See Tiberius' Administration in folder

Building Program

Tiberius did not conduct an extensive building program nor did he use buildings to increase his popularity and personal glory as Augustus had done

He completed many of the buildings begun by Augustus, restored buildings but did not put his own name on them

He did erect a temple to Augustus and a barracks for the Praetorian Guard

In the provinces he supervised the construction of utilitarian projects such as roads, bridges and aqueducts

The Death of Tiberius AD 7

Tiberius did not return to Rome but continued to rule from Capri until he died at the age of 78

StrengthsWeaknesses

Continuance of Augustus' arrangements as much as possible

Excellent civil administration

ɧAlleviated food shortages

ɧMaintained law and order in the city through the city prefect

ɧGave substantial relief to help victims of an amphitheatre tragedy and a fire on the Aventine

ɧCut down public expenses erected few public buildings and reduced gladiatorial shows

StrengthsServility of senators little co-rule, dependence on Tiberius

Treason trials and growing numbers of delatores

Crisis as a result of Germanicus' death

Influence of Sejanus and elimination of members of imperial family

Retirement of Tiberius to Capri alienation of senate

Weaknesses

ɧTook measures to safeguard the countryside from brigandage

ɧReduced sales tax

ɧChose officials carefully

Attempt to work with the senate

ɧTook no exceptional honours

ɧUpheld traditional rights

ɧTreated it with respect

ɧConsulted it

ɧExtended its administrative and legal functions

Provincial and frontier policies

ɧMaintained peace and prosperity

ɧSettled disputes in provinces fairly

ɧGave extensive tax relief after earthquake damage

ɧBuilt roads and bridges

ɧBuilt public buildings in provinces

ɧChose best men wherever possible

ɧMaintained thorough discipline, loyalty and efficiency in armiesVengeance taken on Sejanus' supporters

Gaius given no training for public life contributed to difficulties of his reign

Praetorian Guard conscious of increased power repercussions for future influence on succession

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Attack of the Women: "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, The Emergence of Feminism

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In Kate Chopin's "Story of an Hour" a young woman in the late 1800's named Louise Mallard, suffers from a heart condition. She is sympathetically informed by her sister, Josephine, that her husband, Brentley Mallard, has died in a tragic railroad accident. "Louise has loved her husband, who has in turn loved her and treated her kindly…" (Rosenblum 41). Ironically, once she hears this unfortunate news, she feels free from Brentley instead of sad that he has passed away. While her sister believes that she is too grieved to come down stairs, Mrs. Mallard locks herself in her room and embraces this liberty of "her life being her own again; no longer will she have to yield to her husband's wishes" (41). Josephine repeatedly knocks on Mrs. Mallard's bedroom door. She wants to comfort her widowed sister in this time of uncertainty. Mrs. Mallard finally opens the door and walks down stairs with her sister. Once at the end of the steps, Brentley Mallard, unknowing that his close friends and family believe that he is dead, walks through the door. Mrs. Mallard is in shock to see her husband and falls dead. The doctors that examine her say that she died from a weak heart that "could not bear the sudden joy" (41).

This story raises many questions about women in the late 1800's. Why did Mrs. Mallard feel so trapped in her marriage? Could she have escaped her marriage and still be respected in society? What were the options for marriage, divorce, and work for Mrs. Mallard? Unlike the era of Mrs. Mallard's character, women's roles and responsibilities have transformed. Because of ladies like Mrs. Mallard, women decided to stand up and fight for the same rights and roles men have always maintained-to have a successful career, be independent, and vote. Today, women are no longer pressured to be married by the age of twenty-one. They are urged to establish their career before getting married and having children. What caused our society to change its view on women? The roles and rights of women in the early twentieth century, the Suffrage and Feminism Movement, and how women are looked upon today will explain the progression of feminism since the late 1800's.

Women started fighting for their rights in employment as early as the late 1800's. "In 1870 about 15 percent of women over sixteen years of age were regularly employed away from home for wages; by 100 the figure had risen to 0 percent" (Banner 6). Although women were working and even being taught "skills such as typing and stenography…[and] start[ed] to dominate professions like nursing and technology" 80 percent of women still did not work (6). According to Louis W. Banner in Women in Modern America A Brief History only 5 percent of married women in 100 were "employed outside the home." While there was an economic push for women to enter into the workforce, culturally American society was not ready for it. "Most Americans shared the conviction that [a] woman's place was at home, supported by men, raising children, keeping house, and bolstering [a] stable family life" (Woloch 1).

Theodore Roosevelt wrote at the turn of the century "If the women do not recongnise that the greatest thing for any woman is to be a good wife and mother, why that nation has cause to be alarmed about its future" (qtd. in Woloch 1). Not only did women face cultural animosity towards them in employment, but if they did choose and was allowed by their husbands to work, they were usually underpaid. They were not able to make enough money for living expenses. ( ). If a woman chose to pursue a professional field of employment, discrimination was a major factor contributing to her not accomplishing her dream career. ( ) Of all women professionals, ...schoolteachers suffered overt discrimination...School boards usually refused employment to married teachers and demanded that a woman resign when she married (Van Horn ).

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Employment was not a major role represented by women; marriage "was a natural goal of life and adolescence was time of preparation for it" (Banner 47). For the middle-class, women were expected "to marry, to have children, [and] to obey their husbands" (47). Although many women did marry because it was expected of them, men and women did not posses the same rights in marriage. Before Mrs. Mallards era statute law had always discriminated against wives. In all states, married women remained possessions, rather than persons, under law (Woloch 11). By the 1840s some progress had been made to equalize the rights of women and men in marriage. In 1848 a minimal bill was passed by the New York legislature. It gave women the right to retain control over their real and personal property... (11).

Although women were given more rights in marriage, divorce was frowned upon by society at the turn of the century. Conservative views dominated. Ironically, in the 180s divorces rose at a noticeable rate ...attitudes hardened and a variety of steps were taken to arrest the spread of divorce. Many states tightened up their divorce laws (George 14). During the late 100s, most demands for divorce came from women... (Woloch 74). These women were not rebelling against marriage but rather against mates who failed to meet traditional ideals such as fail[ing] to support them, [making] them [enter] into the workforce, or violat[ing] the purity of the domestic life by drinking [and] gambling... (Woloch 74). Both Protestants and Catholics, attempted to secure uniform divorce laws...in hopes that uniformity would reduce the divorce rate (George 15). Their argument centered on that family was the foundation of civilized life and must not be destroyed by divorce... (15).

Because women were not given the same rights and opportunities as men, the Suffrage and Feminism Movement began. After the Civil War (1861-1865) many womens organizations formed. At first, the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was lightly considered as a threat to equality among the sexes (Banner 88), and the media hardly recognized this growing womens movement (). The Suffrage and Feminism Movement not only fought for the rights of women to vote (this is what unified the womens organizations) but it also fought for womens independence and equality (87).

Feminist and reformers were aware of a wide range of problems women encountered in a modernizing America, and they moved in many ways to confront them. Never before or since have so many women belonged to so many womens organizations; not until the 160s was feminism again so vigorous. (Banner 88)

Although womens organizations were growing at a rapid rate, this did not lessen their opposition. Men as well as women formed anitsuffrage associations usually in states where the Suffrage Movement was predominant. Opponents of suffrage consistently asserted that the sexes had different functions... (Woloch 7). Since the role of the women was in the home, the anisuffragist believed that if women were allowed to vote that this would disrupt the household because they might vote differently than their husbands. A southern Congress representative said in a 117 debate said that giving the vote to women would disrupt the family, which is the unit of society, and when you disrupt the family, you destroy the home, which is the foundation of the Republic (8). The National Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women

gained political support from three powerful groups the liquor industry, which was afraid that suffrage...would bring prohibition; the political bosses, who were fearful that women would vote for reform politicians; and the Catholic Church, which...believed that a womens place was in the home. (Banner 88)

Hysterical anitsuffragist believed that a woman voting was against nature." Pregnant women might lose their babies, nursing mothers their milk, and women in general might grow beards... (0).

The opposition did not stop women from eventually gaining the right to vote. Although the womens suffrage amendment was introducduced to Congress in 18 it had lain dormant in both houses (1).In 110 a group of suffragist leaders marched and rallied in New York state (10). This caused America to awaken to this controversial issue concering womens right to vote. By 117, Alice Paul, an active participant in the British suffrage movemnet that founded the Congressional Union, participated along with the Womens Party in an around-the-clock picketing of the White House (1-1). Although these women were arrested and jailed, this issue finally received national press coverage that embarrassed the [White House] administration by exposing the harshness of their treatment... (14). It was not until August 18, 10 that all these efforts finally paid off. The Nineteenth Amendment, allowing women suffrage, was finally passed and became law (14).

Although women had won their first major victory for equality of the sexes in 10, women still had many obstacles to overcome. Today women are considered more equal to men than ever before.

Please note that this sample paper on Attack of the Women: "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, The Emergence of Feminism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Attack of the Women: "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, The Emergence of Feminism, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Attack of the Women: "Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin, The Emergence of Feminism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Contract or full employment?

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Introduction

Computers have become an essential part of day to day operation of today's dynamic organisation. Either as a medium of communications, or the interface of the organisation's information systems. Information technology professionals are now in growing demand as a result. The global increase in the demand for IT professionals and the scarcity of competent IT Professionals shows the Law of Supply and Demand at work. IT Professionals with specific skills can command their pay and working conditions. As suggested by Rocca (001 p. 1) IT professionals are choosing short-term contracts over full-time positions with an employer, preferring to fly by the seats of their pants than worry about lack of job security or job protection.

This trend is posing as a problem for many organisations relying on IT Professionals as the resources have now come at a very high price.

The report will look at why IT Professionals prefer to do contract work rather than a permanent one, and try to suggest options and strategies to make a permanent employment attractive, a better choice for the new IT graduates.

Cheap research paper on Contract or full employment?

To secure long-term supplies of skilled workers, the larger corporations offered job security, complex pay schedules, extensive internal labor markets, promotion opportunities, and elaborate training programs (Osterman 184; Knoke 16) as in Kalleberg, Knoke and Marsden (001). In short, organisations have to create the sort of environment or offers that many contract workers would miss by being one.

Despite the popular idea that there are many jobs in IT, the truth is a little more complex, a little more yes, but no. If you are a developer/programmer, there is a lot of work going - from short contracts to permanent work. If you are a designer, there is less than ever, and if you are a producer (as I am) the situation is bleak.

Thomas Reynolds, 001

Contract Employment

The following pro and con of getting a contract job is suggested by Thomas Reynolds (001, p1.)

Advantages of Contract Works

•the opportunity to earn big dollar in a short term

•A diverse or extensive CV helps to get the next position, as opposed to someone who has spent most/all of their career working their way up in one company.

•You are generally treated very well, from hardware to regular coffee.

•You can often set your own hours, work from home and dress as you please.

•You can treat non-working periods as holidays.

•You can work a few days a week and earn enough to do quite well.

•Meet new people and new environment every time.

•Get new skills faster through fast paced working experience.

•Exposed to rapid technological changes challenge.

•Some contracts can be extended or even become permanent work.

Disadvantages of Contract Works

•If you work a short contract (less than three months), you must start looking for your next role immediately. This can mean giving less than your best, especially in the last few weeks, with interviews, emailing resumes etc.

•If you work a longer contract (three to 1 months), the transient nature of IT, all your old contacts and recruitment agents will have moved on or forgot you. This happened to me recently.

•Employers can place unrealistic expectations on contractors, forcing you to work longer (unpaid) hours and, with no sick pay or holiday pay, no work equals no money.

•Security. If you are young with no large financial commitments, the IT contracting life rocks. If you arent working all the time, you can do a short course, study part time or do a fallback job such as bar work. As the responsibilities increase and a constant cash flow is required, you will need to find either ongoing contracting or a permanent role.

•Discrimination. The older you are, the less likely you are to be seen as an innovator. Whether the young are innovative or not, the perception is all-important.

•harder to obtain bank loans

•Once the contract is signed there is little room for negotiation on pay or work condition

•On and off employment, there is always a chance on being temporarily unemployed

•Not covered by award

Permanent Employment

Advantages of Permanent Employment

•Generally job security. If one is good at it, the company will keep the employee

•Organisation sometimes provide training

•Company benefits, such as sick pay or holiday pay

•Constant financial flow

•There are rooms for re-negotiation, such as pay increase, better salary package

•Covered by award

•Employer funded superanuation

•Paid leave

•opportunity to get up the corporate ladder

Disadvantages of Permanent Employment

•Monotonous working environment

• skills and experience expand slower in a fixed environment

• to 5 job, fixed to the time, it is boring and inflexible

•

Attractive Permanent Employment

•interesting or attractive pay and working condition

•further education skill improvement self development through training

•attractive projects

•good organisational structure

•strong team work

•job security

•flexibility

Strategies to Attract IT Graduates

Job Security

the era that traded loyalty for job security is virtually dead. The new contract is there will never be job security. You will be employed by us as long as you add value to the organization, and you are continuously responsible for finding ways to add value. In return, you have the right to demand interesting and important work, the freedom and resources to perform it well, the pay that reflects your contribution, and the experience and training needed to be employable here or elsewhere. OReilly (14) as cited in Cawsey, Deszca and Mazerolle (16).

Short-term contracting offers IT workers many benefits. Security is not always one of them. One of the few motivators in an organisation is job security. Permanent employees have always assumed that the organisation will keep their employees on the employment. Thing is, as soon as the profitability falls, the organisation would start cutting staff out. Employees feel threatened if they see a lot of staff turnover.

Organisations should offer job security, for the sense of security would motivate workers to be loyal to the company. Without job security, contract works would be more attractive than permanent employment.

Training

Kalleberg, Knoke and Marsden (001) suggest that the use of contingent workers is not limited to clerical employees, but embraces such high-skill occupations as engineering, computer programming, and drafting. In part, the rise of a contingent workforce reflects the corporate drive to lower costs. But, companies also turn to outside labor suppliers and subcontractors whenever their high performance work systems require specialized skills that are not readily available within the firms pared-back core workforce.

This goes to show that with contract jobs, organisations expect that their contract workers are really skilled and know everything about solving the problem. Contract workers do not get the training they needed.

An organisation would be more attractive if it can expand the skills and knowledge of the employees. New graduates see training as an opportunity to expand their knowledge and skill, and to familiarise themselves with the organisational environment. In return, training will produce employees with tailored skills matching the organisation's needs and requirement.

The training, however, does not have to be directly related to the workers' job. Other training to improve communications and employee relationship would be beneficial for the organisation and the employees.

Halliday agrees that many organisation see experiential outdoor training as a way of bonding the fragmented team, in the hope of increasing team spirit and boosting sales figures. Its an increasingly in-demand trend in Australian workplaces, with apparent benefits for anyone needing to implement trust-building, improve communication skills and extend networking opportunities between employees

Recognising Employee Performance

Content perspectives on motivation (Daft and Marcic, p. 41) suggest that one of the few basic motivators is self-appreciation or self-esteem. As cited in Fiorini (001, p. 1) ANZ Bank is responding to this issue by working to instill a talent mindset at all levels of the organisation. It has implemented a program that identifies high performers with potential, accelerates their development and implements initiatives to retain talent.

ANZ Bank recognises the importance of having an attractive employee-value proposition in order to retain staff. This is done through a range of initiatives, which include share ownership; options; family friendly policies; pay for performance; and a firm view on non-performance.

Such privileges are not available to contract workers. The feeling of self-achievement, recognition, appreciation will ensure people remain motivated and challenged in their work.

Talent Development

McCann, as cited in Fiorini (001), says there is a clear trend towards a competitive advantage being derived from intangible assets such as intellectual property, brands and talent. However, at a time when the need for great talent is growing exponentially many companies are finding hiring and retaining talent harder than ever. Ninetypercent of the 7000 executives stated that talent management is increasingly difficult.

Fiorini (001) suggests that ANZ Bank is responding to this issue by working to instil a talent mindset at all levels of the organisation. It has implemented a program that identifies high performers with potential, accelerates their development and implements initiatives to retain talent.

Please note that this sample paper on Contract or full employment? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Contract or full employment?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Contract or full employment? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Global Community

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As the meaning and effects of globalization become more and more widespread, people across the world have formed grassroots organizations. These organizations protest the negative effects encouraged by globalization and try to form worldwide acknowledgement of a particular problem. This paper discusses some disadvantages of globalization and which have prompted people to protest. It will then examine at a closer level two protested issues, labor injustice and wealth inequality. Finally, conclusions on the prospect of globalization in the future will be reached.

Globalization includes the global exchange of capital, labor, information, politics, technology, and culture, all which have formed an integrated "global" world. But growing disparity, corporate power, and environmental destruction has overshadowed the hope for a global civil society, a global community. Ordinary people have become increasingly aware of these problems (due in part to globalization itself and the spread of instantaneous information) and protest movements have sprouted. Although many are unorganized and address a single issue, grassroots organizations' protests have had a surprisingly influence on the institutions they protest, including the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. The World Trade Organization's meeting in Seattle of November 1, for example, "saw the birth, and to date, the high point of this new mode of activism," where protesters aimed to "shut down, or at least badly disrupt, the meetings of the global elite" (Angry and Effective, ). Protestors have greater aims than simply disrupting the work of international organizations; they wish to bring attention to a variety of issues. The major issues of globalization that have prompted people to protest are environmental destruction, human rights standards, labor injustices, and the growth of multinational corporations. Specific problems within these issues include industrialized countries exploit the resources of developing countries, corporations exploit underprivileged people in labor, the outsourcing of jobs, and corporations transforming culture and consumerism. Other issues that prompt protests are animal rights, the distribution of wealth (inequality), and the loss of culture and tradition. While each of these issues, no matter how few or many protest them, hold importance, some are more convincing reasons for protest than others.

The vast disparity in wealth between the upper class and the impoverished, and developed countries and developing is staggering. As globalization has continued, multinational corporations, foreign investors, and citizens of more powerful nations have entered a time of great prosperity and a high standard of living, much at the expense of the third world. Much of globalization has become an "affair of the industrial North…destroying local cultures, widening world inequalities and worsening the lot of the impoverished, the majority condemned to a life of misery and despair" (Giddens, ). Although this is a rather pessimistic view of globalization, statistics prove the daunting truth of disparity "The UN Development Program reports that the richest 0% of the world's population consume 86% of the world's resources while the poorest 80% consume just 14%." (Top Ten Reasons, ). One of the main reasons for the growing disparity is that more powerful countries already have more wealth and thus an upper hand in "free" trade and many other aspects of globalization- "Globalization might actually be good for poor countries, if only rich countries played by the rules" (Beatty, 1). Free trade has in many ways become harmful to developing countries that are prohibited from following the same policies that developed countries once pursued, such as protecting domestic industries until they can be internationally competitive. From 160 to 18, the most recent period of rapid growth in global trade and investment, inequality worsened internationally and within countries, as foreign investors moved production to where labor is cheapest and environmental costs are low. Clearly, inequality is an immense problem, perhaps worsened by globalization, that begs for a solution.

Unfortunately, protests against wealth inequality itself aren't very convincing. Inequality is not a specific enough topic- there is no one solution that can drastically solve the disparities we see because this problem is caused by so many different issues, only one of which is the irony of "free" trade. Moreover, inequality is inevitable in any society, and can never be fully removed. Even if a global civil society could occur and the gap between the rich and the poor was lessened, "haves" and the "have-nots" would still exist. Inequality is inherent, much a result of the inevitable power struggle in any society. Thus, wealth inequality can never be wholly removed. Although it is a staggering problem that desperately needs solution, protests against inequality itself are futile- only support for gradual steps that will lead to a more equal society can prove convincing.

College papers on Global Community

One of these issues is labor injustice. By improving labor standards, labor organization, and labor practices, a block is added in the formation of the steps toward a more equal world. Labor injustice culminates in third world countries but exists in the United States and other world powers as well. In a Race to the Bottom, investors and corporations become "flying geese," (Section 0 Nov. 00) continually moving from country to country in search of the cheapest labor and most lenient government policies on environment and labor. Thousands of jobs in America alone have been lost to foreign competition and new technology, and the restructuring of businesses have forced blue-collar, relatively low-wage factory and manufacturing jobs to find new, more specialized work (Video, Philadelphia Story). The problem is much more serious in developing countries. Labor injustice in these countries is a backlash against globalization, workers have not benefited from globalization, instead, they have lost. Women of the maquiladoras in Mexico, workers in the sweatshops in Indonesia, and the farmers of Africa have all experienced labor injustice, including incredibly low wages, poor working conditions, harassment at work, long hours, and the threat of losing a job if a labor union or protest is formed. Labor injustice has become so ironically sickening that in some cases, like in the sweatshops in Indonesia, workers don't want Americans to protest or boycott their employers, for fear of losing their jobs (Video, The Seattle Syndrome). Even companies that claim to help third world workers have been accused of exploitation. For instance, The Body Shop, a company formed on "green consumerism," claiming to protect the environment, has been accused of using the Kayapo Indians of Brazil as a marketing strategy. The Body Shop's use of Brazilian organic products has only created resentment and internal divisions within the Kayapo community (London Greenpeace, ).

The impact of free trade and globalization on labor rights has been overlooked. Countries that consistently violate international labor conventions disadvantage countries that enforce labor rights. Although labor and human rights abuses are explicit, developing countries argue that labor standards constitute a barrier to free trade for countries whose competitive advantage is cheap labor. The WTO has even ruled that it is illegal for a government to ban a product based on the way it is produced and that governments cannot take into account non-commercial values, such as human rights and the behavior of companies, when making purchase decisions (Top Ten Reasons, 1). Labor injustice is an indisputable problem that exists in many different forms in many different regions across the world. It is a convincing issue to protest because it has realistic and tangible solutions unlike the vague broadness of inequality. By addressing labor problems, a step is made in a positive direction to solving other larger issues.

It seems that with the growing number of protests and the increasing awareness of global issues that the road to a more prosperous and peaceful world is coming into view. In reality, it will be a long and gradual process, and a goal of a complete global civil society, or of an equal world without conflict is probably unattainable. We can hope for a series of progressive reforms towards positive globalization, perhaps beginning with smaller steps like eliminating labor injustice. Each step, however, will be difficult. Labor, for instance, raises a number of questions If we accept that conditions of workers are not as they should be, what can we do? Should we create a global labor standard, leveling the playing field for businesses in all countries? What are the rights of labor in a globalized economy when labor cannot move as easily as capital? (Section 0 Nov. 00).

The ideology that can spur a movement towards a peaceful, prosperous globalization is the cosmopolitan vision. Cosmopolitans believe that "political boundaries have no particular significance," that "moral claims," or the rights of all human beings, are universally shared (VanKlinken, ). Most importantly, the cosmopolitan view has led to a "universal political ethic" (VanKlinken, ), through which each person can accept his/her own and others' multiple identities based on ethnicity, region, race, and nation, but is part of a global citizenship as well.

None of us can predict the future, and none of us can single-handedly solve the negative effects of globalization and our evolving society. By adopting a cosmopolitan viewpoint and gradually reforming step by step, lofty goals of equality can be reached. Hopefully, each of us will eventually identify ourselves as a global citizen of a peaceful and prosperous planet.

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The Great awakening

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The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over, it had swept the colonies of the eastern seaboard, transforming the social and religious life of the land. Up and down the Eastern Seaboard, the land was littered with those unchurched. All that was required was a spark of revival to set the land afire with religious excitement. When this spark ignited, those who lead the revival were so surprised by what was happening, that they "attributed it entirely to God's inscrutable grace."

The primary spiritual leaders responsible for this religious revival are George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Timothy Dwight, John and Charles Wesley.

Jonathan Edwards was born in 170 in East Windsor Connecticut. In 170, Edwards graduated from Yale. By twenty-two years of age, he became the assistant pastor and later the pastor of a church in Northampton, Massachusetts. Early on into his pastoral career, he struggled with the meaning of true revival. He wondered what he could do to get his congregation to experience revival. Edwards began a series of sermons with much prayer in order to wake up those that bad become too involved in outside business and everyday life and not with God. What followed were many widely

known messages. In 171, he preached a message called, "God glorified in man's dependence." In this message, he preached that sin was a condition of ignorance. In 17, he preached a sermon called, "A divine and supernatural light." In this message he preached that Christianity requires truth and through the truth is the presence of the Holy Spirit. Edwards is most noted for his 1741 sermon entitled, "Sinners in the hand of an angry God." He created spiritual panic among those who heard it. Many feared the church floor would open up and swallow them into the fires of hell below. In 174 revival began to break out in Northampton, Mass. This revival began among the young people who had drifted away from the church. Edwards believed that of the nation was going to experience a spiritual awakening, then he must begin with its young people. Young people were not corrupt or fixed in their ways like old people were. In the year 174, a great change began within the people. There was a great and growing concern about the things of God and eternal life. Edwards was pleased. He grew very demanding of his congregation. He wanted them to be true and sincere to God who is all knowing. For example, in 174, he drew up a covenant for his congregation to sign, binding them to live their lives faithfully. This was to serve as a reminder of the covenant they had with God. Edwards worked hard because of the great vision he held for America. His life and faith was an outstanding part in the Great Awakening that started a great spiritual revival. John Whitefield soon joined the voice of Jonathan Edwards.

George Whitefield was born in 1747 in Gloucester. From the young age of twenty-two he too was a foremost figure in the religious movement that held the attention of the entire English speaking world. In the 170s and 40s the English land was corrupt with spiritual decay. The preaching at that time was cold and the greatest concern was that no one was showing any sign of enthusiasm about religion. Whitefield and others were determined to change this. Whitefield began to speak with determination and power. Soon, no church could compare to those that flocked to hear him speak. As the revival grew beyond his imagination, more and more churches began to close their doors to him due to the controversy in his ministry. He then decided to preach in open fields. He headed for Kingswood, near Bristol. At Bristol, he began a young people's meeting. Whitefield started out with fifty people and within six weeks time this meeting rose to five thousand. This number rose even more significantly to thirty thousand people who came to hear him speak in the open spaces of Bristol on a weekly basis. Soon, this revival preaching spread to many including Charles and John Wesley.

Charles Wesley was born in 1707. He was educated at Charterhouse and Westminster School. Wesley was more widely known as the "sweet singer of Methodism and arguably the greatest hymn writer ever." When he graduated in 170, Charles Wesley became deeply interested about spiritual things. He gathered together some others who shared his religious seriousness and began the "Holy Club" in 17. The nickname that soon followed was "Methodists". His brother, John Wesley, would later become leader of the little group, but it was started by Charles Wesley. Thus, he was properly named the "first Methodists". Charles Wesley accompanied his brother on a mission revivalism to the new colony of Georgia in 175. He served as the secretary of the Governor, General James Oglethorpe. Their episode was a failure. Feeling disappointed Charles Wesley left Georgia and landed in England in 176. His brother was to remain there in GA for another year. In May 178, Charles Wesley's new spiritual life was seen and he had deep compassion for lost men and women. His preaching was transformed and unusual blessings accompanied his powerful ministries. At this time George Whitefield's ministry was having astonishing impacts and he was criticized in Bristol. Wesley went to stand at his side when he preached. In 1740 Wesley's public appeals and preaching "subdued a riot amongst the colliers occasioned by the high price of corn". Charles Wesley is noted for changing the hearts of the people. The wealthy became more caring and the lower classes more respectful and civilized. Unfortunately, Charles Wesley was seemingly lost in his brother's shadow.

John Wesley was born in 170 in Epworth, England. He was later trained for the ministry at Oxford. He also joined his brother and assisted in the development of the "Holy Club". Wesley was one of the greatest men of God in modern history. He is credited, with his brother, for a great revivalism, which saved England. It was Wesley who said, "Give me one hundred men who love only God with all their heart and hate only sin with all their heart, and we will shake the gates of hell and bring in the kingdom of God in one generation". While in GA with his brother John had the intentions of preaching to the American Indians. However, domestic disputes kept him from fulfilling his desire. In the two years he was in GA he was unsuccessful in any of his endeavors and was not able to convert one single soul. The Church of England in that day was preached, "You must be born again." Wesley was eventually barred from preaching in many churches because of this doctrine. Wesley preached powerfully, but was uncertain of his own salvation after this. He briefly entertained the idea to discontinue preaching. On March 6, 178 John Wesley unwillingly left for a society to preach a new doctrine. There, the revelation of faith was so strong that in his heart that not only did his life change but he saw multitudes stream into the "kingdom of God with signs and wonders following". Soon, Wesley was preaching in open fields to many who never frequented a church building. John Wesley was witness to God's power and saw thousands saved at one time.

The Great Awakening can best be described as a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 170s and the 1770s most notably in England, Scotland and Germany. The earliest manifestations appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The Presbyterians initiated religious revivals in those colonies during the 170s but also established heartfelt preaching that would bring sinners to experience conversion. In emotional sermons preachers like Jonathan Edwards evoked terrifying images of the corrupt and the terrors that awaited them and the unrepented in hell. This spiritual awakening gained encouragement from the American travels of an English preacher, George Whitefield and he later allied with other clergymen who shared his views, most notably Charles and John Wesley. Together they led a movement to reform the Church of England, which resulted in the founding of the Methodist Church in late eighteenth century.

The Great Awakening resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political through academics and colleges, notably Princeton University. The awakening served to build up interests that were intercolonial, to increase opposition to the Anglican Church and to the royal officials who supported it, and to encourage democratic spirit in religion.

 

Please note that this sample paper on The Great awakening is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Great awakening, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Great awakening will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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