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Noninvasive Brain Imaging Techniques
To document brain structure
CT scans (Computerized Tomography)
Also called CAT scans (computerized axial tomography)
MRI scans (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
fMRI scans (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
See below after discussion of the PET scan.
CT scans (Computerized tomography)
Synonymous with "CAT" scan (Computer-Axial Tomography)
Tomography = picture
several X-rays are taken of a thin slice of the brain from different vantage points while person is inside a large cylinder.
A Two-dimensional, often black and white photograph of a horizontal brain "slice" is produced by the computer
"For a full brain scan 180 separate scans are made." (Reber & Reber, 001, p. 1).
Least expensive of the brain imaging techniques.
MRI scans (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Exploits the magnetic principle of molecules, specifically of the hydrogen atom.
A computer combines information about magnetic fields and radio waves to generate a picture of the brain.
several X-rays are taken of the brain from different vantage points while person is inside a large cylinder
The MRI scan produces high-resolution, -dimensional, colored-pictures of the brain.
Most expensive of the brain imaging techniques
Noninvasive Brain Imaging Techniques
To document brain activity
PET scans
fMRI scans (Functional MRIs)
PET scans (Positron Emission Tomography)
A water-based solution of radioactive oxygen is injected into a vein where it is then carried throughout the blood vessels and brain.
The radioactive oxygen breaks into positrons
very small particles
The positrons degrade
While degrading, gamma rays are emitted.
PET scans (Positron Emission Tomography)
The gamma rays occur with different densities for each area of the brain.
The density of gamma rays in each area is translated by the computer and depicted as separate colors
red=most dense, yellow, quite dense, green=moderately dense, blue, least dense.
Blood vessels enlarge in the area(s) of the brain that are active, hence gamma rays are quite dense when coming from active brain regions.
Can easily view which parts of the brain becomes active during (are involved in) particular behaviors
PET Scans of Brains
Normal v. Schizophrenic
Functional MRI
This method functions in a manner similar to the MRI.
fMRI uses the magnetic properties of hemoglobin to generate its real-time activities of the brain
"When the oxygen is absorbed [by firing neurons] the hemoglobin no longer carries the oxygen, so we can refer to blood as being oxygenated or deoxygenated. Oxygenated blood has magnetic properties, but deoxygenated blood does not. fMRI techniques calculate a ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated blood in the local area." (Willingham, 001, p. 44).
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