Lockes v. hobbes

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locke vs.hobbes

Locke versus Hobbes Locke and Hobbes were both social contract theorists, and both natural law theorists, but there the resemblance ends. All other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal. Hobbes assumed otherwise, thus his conclusions are strikingly different from those of other natural law theorists. What would life and human relations be like in the absence of government? Thomas Hobbes was the first to attempt to illustrate this condition using an intellectual device- a "thought experiment", known as the "State of Nature". For Hobbes, the state of nature was not an actual period in history, but rather a way of rationalizing how people would act in their most basic state. He believed that everything in the universe was simply atoms in motion, and that geometry and math could be used to explain human behavior. According to his theories, there were two types of motion in the universe Vital (involuntary motion such as heart rate), and Voluntary (things that we choose to do). Voluntary motion was then broken into two categories that Hobbes believed were mathematical equations-Desires and Aversions. Desires were things one was moved to or that were valued by the individual, while aversions were fears or things to be avoided by the individual. Hobbes further believed that an individual's appetite constantly kept him or her in motion, and that in order to remain in motion, everyone needs a certain degree of power. Thus the pursuit of power is the natural state of humans. Hobbes then says that nature ahs made men basically equal. He also says that people were constantly in a struggle for power and above all else, they wanted to avoid a violent death. In the state of nature, people were always at war with one another, a war of all against all. Every person had the right to do anything they pleased. Hobbes thought that this would go on until people discovered that they could prevent their demise by avoiding doing things that would purposely endanger their lives. Hobbes also thought that an authoritarian government would come to power in order to enforce the social contract by whatever means necessary. He called this Leviathan. Individuals exchanged their rights in return for peace, security, and protection from one another. John Locke embraced many of the ideas presented by Hobbes in his theories on the state of nature and the rise of government. They differed however, in that Locke believed that God was the prime factor in politics. He believed that individuals were born with certain rights given not by government or society, but by God. This he said, is what gives all people equality. Locke said in the state of nature men mostly kept their promises and honored their obligations, and, though insecure, it was mostly peaceful, good, and pleasant. He says that humans know what is right and wrong, and are capable of knowing what is lawful and unlawful well enough to resolve conflicts. In particular, and most importantly, they are capable of telling the difference between what is theirs and what belongs to someone else. Hobbes says that our knowledge of objective, true answers on such questions is so feeble, so slight and imperfect as to be mostly worthless in resolving practical arguments. In a state of nature people cannot know what is theirs and what is someone else's. Property exists solely by the will of the state, so in a state of nature men are condemned to endless violent conflict. On the social contract, Locke says we give up our right to ourselves. We retain the right to life and liberty, and gain the protection of our property. Hobbes basically says, if you shut up and do as you are told, you have the right not to be killed. On the Violation of the social contract, Locke says that if a ruler seeks absolute power, if he acts both as judge and participant in disputes, he puts himself in a state of war with his subjects. Then he says we have the right to kill such a ruler. Hobbes says that we have no right to rebel, because a king can do no wrong.

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Architecture of Nineteenth Century Washington D.C.

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The architect Leopold Eidlitz once said "American architecture is the art of covering one thing with another thing to imitate a third thing, which if genuine would not be desirable" (guide pg. 4). The architects who designed Washington D.C. were true to this. Neoclassical, Greek Revival, Roman Revival, Georgian, Gothic Revival, and Egyptian architectural styles were all used in the creation of the city in the 1800's.

The image of Classical order came to be strongly associated with public buildings and their role in elevating public virtue (Understanding Architecture pg. 4). William Thorton's design for the Capital Building captured that image. "The grandeur, the simplicity, and the beauty…will, I doubt not, give it a preference in your eyes as it has in mine," Thorton exclaimed (geocities.com). The design for the Capital was a work of art but would prove to be difficult to build. In 180, Benjamin Henry Latrobe took over work on the building (geocities.com). By 1807, he had completed the south wing and had begun repairs and alterations to the north wing (guide pg.). Unfortunately on August 4th, 1814 Admiral Cockburn of the British Navy set fire to this "harbor to Yankee Democracy" (guide pg.). When Latrobe began reconstruction, it allowed him to explore different Greek styles and to find something suitable for democratic expression (geocities.com). Latrobe can be seen as the originator of the American search for a purer Classicism (geocities.com). Charles Bulfinch took over construction in 181 and completed the project in 18 (guide pg.).

The White House, which was designed and contracted by James Hoban was first created between 17 and 1801. Like the Capital Building, Neoclassical styles were used but with an expression of Georgian architecture (greatbuildings.com). The White House also was set fire on in 1814 but was not destroyed. By some stroke of luck, a large thunderstorm came over while it was burning and smothered the flames (guide pg.70). After the war, Hoban set to work on repairing the house. In 18 the White House was completed again, this time with North and South Porticos (guide pg.71). The house stands today as it did then and it still houses the president and his family.

Classic and Greek Revival styles were also used in many random buildings throughout the city at this time. Such buildings are the National Portrait Gallery, Tariff Commission, Central Library, American Security and Trust Building, St. John's Church, the Van Ness Mausoleum, and the Treasury Building (guide). Each of the buildings' architecture can closely resemble that of ancient Europe.

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In 18, a wealthy English scientist James Smithson left a large sum of money to the people of the United States. He requested that the money be used to create and institution in order to "increase the diffusion of knowledge among men" (geocities.com). James Renwick was chosen to create the "castle" and his work became one of the finest and most important Gothic Revival buildings in America (guide pg.4). It is an anachronism to Washington D.C. because of its distinctness from the rest of the city. The irregular shape made up of many turrets, spires, parapets, and towers make it easily recognizable (sc4.ameslab.gov). The castle now serves as the administrative headquarters of the Smithsonian Institution (guide pg.4). There are now sixteen museums, four research centers, the National Zoo, a system of libraries, and many other offices controlled by the institution (geocities.com)

Located in the National Mall is a stone building that was the tallest masonry structure in the world. The Washington Monument stands five hundred fifty-five feet and was created by Robert Mills. It features an Egyptian style of architecture that was to this point absent in the United Sates (guide pg.40). "The Obelisk has to my eye a singular aptitude in its form and character to call attention to a spot memorable in its history. It says but one word. But it speaks loud. If I understand this voice, it says 'Here'" (guide pg.40)

Washington D.C. is a city filled with democracy, freedom, and hope. The great architects who built this city put these qualities into every structure created. It is this and the use of European architectural styles that molded to create the beautiful city we know today.

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Christian and non-christian love

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In this essay, I am going to explain what Christians mean by love, and also give some non-Christian views on love to see if they really are so different. I am also going to see if everyone agrees on what love is, and if there are different types, if so, what they are.

In English, we have one single word for love, whereas in Greek, they have many different words for it

oEros Sexual love/ physical love. When someone is attracted to someone, they're often in a state of Eros, because they are sexually attracted to someone.

oLudis Flirtatious, teasing love. This love is associated with a teenage kind of love. It is where the parties play games, resulting in a fleeting type of quick romance. Ludis is an outward expression of love. It is often intended to arouse another to physical attraction, which can lead to Eros.

oPhilo Brotherly love. Love that is generated and/or related because of a common bond.

oStorge Friendship love. Friendship love, involving respect and concern for another person's interest. This love contains more companionship than excitement.

oPragma Logical love. This is for people who worry about if their partner would be a good parent. It is the kind of love that is based on shares interest and common backgrounds. This love is influenced by a series of principals, and the application of reason.

oMania Smothering love. It is possessive, dependant, and jealous love. Mania is a mentally excited, excessive and persistent love. This type of love is like an obsession or craving. It can lead to exaggerated feelings and excessiveness.

oAgape Divine love. This is also called self-sacrificing love. It is when someone is willing to so something for someone else with no expectations of anything in return.

Christians believe love is vital. Jesus summed up the 10 commandments in just two

1.Love God

.Love your neighbour

This shows that to Christians love is important because if you can sum up the 10 commandments in just two, and they both include love, it shows just how important they feel it is.

In 1 Corinthians, verses 4-8 and verse 1, the idea of love is also conveyed as a very important part of a Christian's life. Is says 'Love is patient, love is kind. It does not boast, and it is not proud. Love is not rude, it is not selfish, and does not get upset with others. Love does not count up wrongs that have been done. Love is not happy with evil but is happy with the truth. Love patiently accepts all things. It always trusts, always hopes and always remains strong. It never ends. So all three things continue forever faith, hope and love. And the greatest of these is love.'

The message of love is all through the bible, and I think it is probably one of the most recurring things in there. When Christians say love, they don't mean Eros, Ludis, Pragma or Mania, they mean Agape, Philo and Storge. They don't mean teasing, flirting, logical love, smothering love, or sexual love, they mean friendship love. Christians think you should care for one another as though they are family; you should care about their wellbeing, and want the best for them, you should be understanding, you shouldn't be critical, you should just care about them and hope for the best for them. You should love others enough to help them when they need it, and not turn your back on them.

Non-Christians have also tried to sum up love, and I was looking at things people have said about love, and one quote seemed to stick in my head, because even though it wasn't long, it gave summed up how a non-Christian may feel about love. It talks about trust. 'Love is giving someone the ability to destroy you but trusting them not to'. This quote is talking about deep meaningful love, not really Eros, Ludis, Philo, Storge, Pragma or Mania, but Agape. It is saying that when you let someone into your heart, then they can hurt you, but if you let them in in the first place, you must trust that they wouldn't hurt you.

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"Penny and Louise"

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Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" is a riveting tale of repression. The story is quite clenching and the ending blooms with irony. Mrs. Louise Mallard is nothing short of a loving wife, however, when news of her husband Brently's death penetrates her heart, she is changed. Weeping violently in front of her sister, she escapes to her bedroom so she may allow the news to absorb. Like a sponge in placid water, she begins visualizing the reality of a life of her own. Allowing, for what seems like the first time, the true emotion that she has felt for many years to seep out of her pores. For Louise has always lived for Brently, she had loved him, but the sudden burst of self-assertion took over. Unsure of what bestow upon her, her body and soul were now free. Louise drank in his death not as an ending, but as her new beginning. The irony is overwhelming when Louise descends the staircase, regains her composure, only to see her husband walk in the door very much alive. To imagine what she felt is awe-inspiring, to have wept with secret joy that only she could know, only to have the reality of his existence break her heart. To know what she wanted so badly, now would never exist, was the driving force of the knife that pierced her heart and ended her life.

Louise clearly is a complex person. Her young, fair, calm face was merely a reflection of the strong will she would eventually find in herself. She had kept these feelings locked up for so long in a barbaric prison of her "Life", that once the emotion was free; it rampaged like an unleashed prisoner. "Free, free, free!" she whispered so delicately, as if the prisoner had found a clean escape. She did escape, in spite of the fact that it wasn't in the life she wanted, but in the death that was eminent.

Michelle Wynn's "Boundaries" is a similar story with indecisive Penny lurking about unhappy and repressed. Penny created her own living hell, and eventually her world came burning down upon her. As she meets and eventually moves in with Bill, she is overwhelmed with the sense of significance, sufficiency and security that she feels. "Bills strength made Penny want to abandon herself to him" is valuable, for she let herself disappear like a train on a distant track. Penny became what Bill wanted; she was weak and lacked any sense of self. She was an unhappy woman in the choices she had made, for there was no evidence of her existence in Bill's world. She was alone in her body and soul, controlled not by her emotion, but by the words of another.

A simple Penny, as if the smallest of coins, didnt stand a chance with dominant Bill. His needs and wants superceded her own. She had no strength to stand up and make a change; she didn't want to make waves. Her life with Bill was setup, one disappointment after another. Penny would cry inside, yet, display an emotionless face to the outside world. Resembling Louise, Penny began to resent Bill rather than love him. During her confrontation with herself, she began to realize how impersonal her life had become. She had no place in Bill's house, with his furniture, his family pictures and his preferences on everything. Penny's things were hidden in the basement, as if they were second hand items from a rummage sale that just wouldn't "fit" in his house.

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Penny had suddenly realized all the small choices she had made had subtly repressed her life. Visualizing Penny, she seems frail and demure, with the ironclad fist of Bill constantly hammering down upon her. He was a control freak, and would continue to steer Penny, as if she were a ship lost at sea, straight into his controlling arms. To Penny, she had reached the point of no return. Her level of loss had been saturated with the unhappiness she had grown so accustomed to. For her to be free and feel again is for Bill to be nonexistent in the world which is her prison.

As she reaches to wipe the gloom away from her life, she trembles. Not from fear of what is to come, but from what has passed. Penny is capable of finding herself, even if it means picking up Bill's 8 automatic and using it to end her torture. The kiss she blew him was the very bullet of her freedom. Ending her torture, paying her ransom and freeing her to live again.

These two remarkable women have endured the pain of a controlling "sense of self" thief. Unfortunately for them, they never stood a chance to gain back the most precious jewel of life, the ability to love and be loved. To salvage any significance was to realize the repression existed in their lives because they allowed it to; unfortunately, it drove both women to their death.

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Nucor- case study

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INTRO

Nucor had once been considered the fastest-growing steel company in America that was unstoppable. In the twenty-first century Nucor is being challenged by a changing industry where there is a worldwide decrease in demand for steel and steel related products, increasing competition, especially from foreign competitors, in a maturing market and environmental concerns about alleged violations of federal and state clean air rules.

In response Nucor's management has embarked on a growth strategy in the course of a shakeup of the management structure through the adding of outside directors to the board as well as a centralization of the organisation's procedures. Nucor hopes that this growth strategy will have a positive impact on the future profitability and help realize its goal of becoming the largest steel maker in the United States.

Porter's Five Forces

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Rivalry in the industry

The industry is not only fragmented but the boundaries of its various sub-parts are vague and overlapping. Steel products are marketed principally through in-house sales forces. The principal competitive factors are price and service.

The company is not the strongest, but it can defend itself from stronger rivals and capitalize on the vulnerabilities of weaker rivals.Nucor has better cost management skills than other U.S firms. Nucor consistently improves its technological capabilities. Nucor's employees are paid for performance, making them very productive.

Threats of Substitute

Nucor vs. integrated mills, other mini-mill, foreign mills, and specialty mills.

Nucor's success as a low-cost provider could not be accomplished without utilizing the cost reduction capabilities in every element of their value chain; this is the biggest difference between Nucor and its rivals.

Nucor's rivals, for the most part, still use traditional integrated steel mills, which inefficiently use a single large scale plant to perform all of the steel making functions.

Barriers to entry by Potential Competitor

Considerable competition exists from numerous domestic manufacturers and foreign imports. The markets that Nucor serves are tied to capital and durable goods spending and are affected by changes in economic conditions.

Global demand for steel expanded continuously throughout the 160s, a demand domestic producers elected to not meet, choosing only to match domestic consumption requirements. This presented an opportunity for up-start foreign producers to rejuvenate and strengthen themselves without directly competing against U.S. producers.

Antidumping Rulings U.S. integrated steel producers filed charges of dumping against foreign competitors -- primarily the Germans and Japanese.

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

The bargaining power of suppliers within such industry is low. The supply factors of production (transformation factors) are labor to operate plants, capital facilities, and land. Recent modernization has significantly substituted technology for labor in steel production. Yet, Not all stakeholders have been happy with the way Nucor does business. There were also concerns about the excess incentives the stat gave to convince Nucor to build steel mill and it also argues that their new federal law should go for extra care with the restoration of spawning and nursery habits and improve water system due to the fast track of facility being built in Hertford by Nucor.

Bargaining Power of Customers

The bargaining power of customers is medium to high because of a reduced demand by the auto industry as of the result of the lower steel content in a modern automobile; a trend steel producers are aggressively trying to counter by banding together to form the Steel Alliance which is running a $100 million advertising campaign targeted at consumers touting the advantages of steel for automobile design (and house construction).

Service centers are also playing an increased role in the industry, acting as major distributors and wholesalers for finished steel products to steel consumers (construction firms, shipbuilders, machine fabricators, etc.). With the exception of the auto and auto part manufacturers (who contract directly with producers), most finished steel is delivered to end users is via the steel service center, moving some of the inventory management burden to the service centers for a marginal mark-up to the end user. This presents a forecasting complication to planners and strategists as all demand for steel is a derived demand, the forecaster must be able to look into the macro forces affecting an economy and project steels role in the broader economic system from which a consumer demand pattern could be ascertained.

 

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