Sociology paper

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Journal #1

I haven't had many intimate relationships in my life; I've only had two physical relationships. I was a late bloomer upon the issue of entering relationships due to my thoughts on my physical appearance. During high school, I was one of those kids that never really said anything in classes and never spoke to girls that much. My friends and I started to hang out with girls more often and that's when I "fell in love" with my ex-girlfriend. This was the start of a relationship that was going nowhere, even though I had no idea at the time. Kristen was a nice girl who at first I did not find all that attractive but I absolutely loved her personality. We started to "date", we never really went out all that much, and we mostly hung out with her and her friends at her house. This relationship only lasted a mere month and a half; she sadly put it to an end. Now that I look back on it, I'm glad she did because neither one of us were all that happy due to circumstances. I think the most that we've hung out may have been ten or eleven times during that month and a half. I was always sad that we didn't get to hang out that much, and when plans didn't fall through I'd always get upset. That was the basis of the break up. After this relationship I was heartbroken, my first love had shot me down, those times were very hard to cope with. After a about two or three months, I decided that it feels a lot better to be single, especially since I'm in high school and it would be a lot easier to get to know girls. I do not regret anything from this friendship; we are currently good friends. At first the relationship was very good but then it turned into a worse one due to circumstances.

The summer before freshman year of college was my best summer ever. My friends Chris, Jimmie, Erika and I used to hang out almost every single day. If I weren't with one of them I was with the other, and no matter what we would have fun. After the summer Erika and I got closer on a more emotional level. We hung out all the time, late on school nights, on weekends, it didn't matter, and we were always together. I still remember the uneasiness that I felt the first time I was in her bedroom, my stomach full of butterflies. I knew this time that I had found someone that I truly like and would want to spend the rest of my life with. Reading this from someone else's standpoint, it may sound ludicrous, but I know what I feel, and it is that. We've been dating for just over a year now and things are going great. Obviously we've had our hard times, but we have also gotten through them. Currently she is in high school, and I think the ultimate test will be when she goes away to college, that is the one thing that I'm worried about. I'm worried that she'll meet some incredible guy and leave me for him. This relationship is the best individual relationships Ive had with a single individual by far.

Relationships are sometimes taken for granted, they are there one day and the next they may not be. I grew up in Hawaii until the age of 1, and every summer before I was 1, I went to New York to visit my grandparents. I remember when the summer before third grade I came back to Hawaii to find that my mother wasn't there and wasn't coming back. I don't quite remember what my father told me but I know I was really sad. My relationship with my father grew greatly after this happened, I felt as if he were spoiling me but not monetarily. I still wonder what it would've been like to grow up with the both of them in Hawaii but I will never know. One thing leads to another, and I eventually ended up in New York for good, not just for a summer vacation. My father works for American Airlines and he got laid off in Hawaii, but then he was transferred to Florida. In Florida I was alone quite often after school I'd come home and no one was there. My father wouldn't get home until 7 or 8 at night, which was a long time home alone when you are only 1. Florida was a turning point for me; I saw that I didn't need my father as much as I thought I did. I felt more independent in a sense, due to all the time I had to my self. The relationship that I had with my father was shaped by the fact that he was the only parent. I grew closer to him while I had the chance to.

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I look at the relationship that my uncle has with my grandparents and I see that he is very attached to them. In a way I find it sad because I see him so often, he's 8 and single. I know my uncle loves them very much and would be devastated if anything should happen to them, as would I. Even though I don't have that close of a relationship with my parents, I believe that if I had the chance I still would not, due to my stubbornness. It's funny people think, I used to think that my parent's divorced because of me. That is why I visited with a psychologist a few times when I was younger, to alleviate these thoughts from my head.

I live with my grandparents now, and our relationship was better while I was in high school since i was around more. I now have a car, a job and college, so things are very frantic within my life. I talk to my grandmother sometimes if I have a problem, but most of the time I talk to my girlfriend about my problems. The relationship with my grandparents is the best it could be, at least they dont want to kick me out of the house. The fact that I can talk to my girlfriend about my problems is a big booster to me, because I dont hide anything from her.

I see a relationship that is probably not going to work out that well with my friend. His best friend seems to like his girlfriend so things are getting kind of tense. Falling for someone elses girlfriend is never a good thing, and it should never have gotten that far unless both the guy and girl feel that way. This can turn into a bad relationship and maybe a fight or two.

Another good relationship that I have is with a coworker of mine that I met last year. We talked all the time at work and became very good friends and kept in touch over the winter pretty well. This is a good relationship because we could talk about many things and had many things in common.

With my friend Jimmie, hes probably my best guy friend. At one point he told his girlfriend that me and my girlfriend had had sex and i got very mad about that. I didnt want her to find out because his girlfriend has a big mouth. People found out that didnt have to know at all, so me and Jimmie did not speak for awhile, Id say for at least 4 months. I was so mad at him, whenever I saw him driving by me or whatever hed wave but I wouldnt. Now that I look back, it was only a phase and we are good friends now. This relationship definitely shows the best and worst.

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ROCKEY4 Brochure

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ROCKEY4

ROCKEY4 are hardware based systems designed to enforce software license agreements and prevent unauthorized duplication. These USB and LPT attached products support complex user defined algorithms for extremely powerful software protection. The ROCKEY4 Envelope program provides a means for direct encryption of Windows portable executable files and may be implemented in minutes by even non-programmers. ROCKEY4 is engineered to be versatile yet secure, enabling the developer to implement varied software licensing policies.

ÖPrevent loss of revenues due to software piracy

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ÖEnforce licensing agreements

ÖEase software distribution headaches

ÖRemotely enable access to software modules

ÖEnforce network licensing policies

ÖSupport for remote activation of demo programs

ÖAlways price competitive¡­

Features

ÖSupport for multiple user defined algorithms

ÖLow level communications encoded for optimal protection

ÖMulti-level security access for developers and users

ÖSupport for multiple platforms DOS, Windows 5/8/ME/NT4/XP, Linux, MAC (OS 8.6 and above)

ÖAbundant programming language interfaces TurboC, Borland, C++, MSC, WatcomC, QBasic, Fortran, VC, VB, BCB, Delphi, PB, AutoCAD, Java, ActiveX

ÖSupport for varied network licensing policies

ÖSecure storage for application serial numbers and other information required for license enforcement

ÖFull support for IEEE 184 (ECP/EPP/SPP)

ÖEngineered for high compatibility with LPT attached devices

ÖSmall and non-intrusive form factor, tamper proof outer shell

ÖBuilt-in algorithms for seed code generation

ÖFull support for daisy chaining

ÖGlobally unique Hardware Identification number burned into each unit

ÖCustomer specific password set burned into each unit

Security Features

ÖCommunications between dongle, driver and application are encoded to prevent ¡°emulator¡± and ¡°playback¡± type hack attacks.

Ö¡°Tracing¡± attacks normally add to the time required for execution. ROCKEY4 has a built-in ¡°watchdog¡± feature that will cause ROCKEY4 to not respond if execution takes too long.

ÖAccess to ROCKEY4 memory is protected with the Basic and Advanced level passwords. The -bit Basic level password set is normally included in the Envelope encrypted executable file and is used to read values from one or more protected memory zones. The Advanced level passwords (also -bit) should not be distributed to the end user and are for the developer to pre-configure the dongle before it is shipped with the application.

ÖROCKEY4 contains a proprietary algorithm that will generate four 16-bit return values from input of a -bit seed code and the Basic/Advanced passwords. The application can compare the values returned from ROCKEY4 to the expected return values. If they are the same, the dongle must be attached.

ÖUser defined algorithms may be as long as 80 instructions (ROCKEY4-Plus and NetROCKEY4). The instructions may use operations + (addition), - (subtraction), (cyclic shift left), (multiplication), ^ (XOR), & (and), | (or, ~ (neg.), ? (compare). An algorithm may implement as many as eight variables A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I. ¡°A¡± through ¡°E¡± are defined by the developer, ¡°F¡± through ¡°I¡± are initiated by the system. ROCKEY4 has three build in calculation functions.

ÖGlobally unique -bit Hardware Identification (HID) number

ÖROCKEY4 can generate a 16-bit random number that may be used as input for seed code security measures.

ÖAs many as 16 ROCKEY4 LPT dongles can be daisy chained off the LPT port. ROCKEY4 can be combined with any number of dongles from other manufacturers.

Envelope Program Protection

The ROCKEY4 Envelope program may be used for direct encryption of Win Portable Executable (PE) files (such as .exe, .dll or .arx). Envelope encryption is a good solution if you do not have the source code or the time or capability needed to use the API functions. The strongest software protection systems will use both the Envelope and API implementations.

The ROCKEY4 Envelope program works by adding a shell to the original PE file. The ¡°shell¡± code is binary instructions that check for the presence of the ROCKEY4 dongle before they allow other instructions in the application to execute. The ROCKEY4 Envelope program can be used for single or multi-file encryption.

Network Support

NetROCKEY4 is a network aware software protection system designed to limit the number of simultaneous users who can access a software application. It combines all the functionality of the standard ROCKEY4 system, with the ability to work seamlessly in LAN/WAN environments that support the UDP/TCP, IPX or NetBIOS protocols. NetROCKEY4 was engineered to support standalone or redundant server environments on both the Windows and Linux platforms. The system includes powerful and intuitive network monitoring and testing tools that ease the implementation effort. The NetROCKEY4 Envelope program provides direct encryption of Windows portable executable files that operate in a network environment.

ÖThe developer can set a maximum number of users for each of 16 separate user groups.

ÖLimits can be set on either the number of users or the number of computers that access an application.

ROCKEY4 has a total of 18-bytes of total usable memory. NetROCKEY4 and ROCKEY4-Plus each have a total of 51-bytes of usable memory space. The table below provides memory zone information for each ROCKEY4 model

Hardware Memory Usage

Memory ZoneMemory Zone DescriptionROCKEY4ROCKEY4-PlusNetROCKEY4

Hardware IDGlobally unique identifier-bit-bit-bit

User ID ZoneUser defined identifier -bit-bit-bit

Module ZoneNon-readable memory spaces (16) Used with arithmetic calculations16-bit(each)16-bit(each)16-bit (each)

Zero AttributeIndicates if a module is ¡°0¡± or not ¡°0¡±. Each module has a zero attribute.1-bit(each)1-bit(each)1-bit(each)

Decrement AttributeIndicates if a module can be decreased. Each module has a decrement attribute.1-bit(each)1-bit(each)1-bit(each)

User Data ZoneUser defined memory space4-byte10-byte10-byte

User Algorithm ZoneInstruction storage for user defined algorithms-instructions80-instructions80-instructions

Access controlled by Basic and Advanced level passwords.

Hardware Specifications

ROCKEY4-USBROCKEY4-LPT

Dimensions51 x 16 x 7 mm x 55 x 16 mm

Current Consumption (active/idle)¡Ü50 ma¡Ü10 ma

Min. Operating Voltage.V.V

CPU Type8 pin, 8-bit8 pin, 8-bit

Max. No. of dongles in series1616

Max. No. of Write Access100,000100,000

Connector SupportUSB Type A5-pin , Type D

Storage Temp.-40¡ã C ~ 85¡ã C -40¡ã C ~ 85¡ã C

Operating Temp.0¡ã C ~ 70¡ã C0¡ã C ~ 70¡ã C

Data Retention100 years100 years

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History Research

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Propaganda

Dr Joseph Goebbels was in charge of propaganda

Goebbels aims of propaganda were to make others believe Hitler was the saviour of Germany. Their aims was to make German people accept Hitler and to approve of Nazism.

The propaganda that was used by the nazis were posters, televisions, cinema, public events such as book burning, rallies, newspapers, radio and the 1 Olympics.

The Nuremberg rallies took place in the summer of every year. They consisted of marches, flying displays, bands, parades and speeches made by Hitler.

The Nazis controlled the media in many ways. No books could be published without Goebbels permission. This was to ensure that no negative messages about the Nazis were being read. He organised a book burning which was a great publicity stunt to attract people to come and burn books, which contained ideas that the Nazis would classify as inappropriate.

Goebbels also controlled the newspapers. He knew that Nazism would create a lot of controversy so he kept a close eye on it to be certain that no anti-nazi ideas were being printed. But as there were Jewish editors and journalists they became unemployed.

The Nazis didn't want anyone opposing the Nazis so soon all the anti-nazi papers were prohibited from being published

The cinema films had to portray a positive message about Nazism and contained messages from Hitler at the beginning of films

Posters covered walls giving a positive image of Hitler and criticized the Jews

Goebbels wanted every household to have a radio because they repeated speeches by Hitler as if to force them to accept Hitler

Goebbels banned jazz music because it was associated with black people and they were considered to be inferior. The Olympics was to show that the Aryan race were superior. They made the stadium look modernised so that they could show that Germany was modern, civilised and a successful country.

The visitors were amazed at their faiclities of the stadium. Also at the beginning they the Germans were leading perhaps making people think that the Aryan race was superior. However the winners were mostly black people and many people did not like the blatant propaganda so people did not like it.

Women

The Nazis considered women as only mothers and wives. A newspaper headline once read 'No true German woman wears trousers'. This showed that they preferred men to be dominating.

Women were encouraged to have children by getting a gold cross for having 8 children and gained a privileged seat in Nazi meetings. Propaganda was also used to promote motherhood

The birth rate did increase 15 per 1000 and then increased to 0 per 1000 in 1. The plans to tempt women into having children had been successful as the birth rate increased

Source 0 shows a painting of the Nazis image of and ideal German family. The woman has a husband and has four kids. She does not look very glamorous and is not dressed in impressive cloting. I think that the Nazis preferred the women to be more focused on mothering the children than on make up

The Nazis encouraged discrimination against women applicants for job. They wanted women to remain at home with her children. The numbers of jobs available for women were deliberately limited. This must mean that they didn't approve of women working. However they needed women to work during the war but thin was a contrast to the ideal woman that was illustrated in the picture.

Economic Policy

The Nazis help reduce unemployment for 6 million German people. A large number of men were given jobs due to conscription. This meant that they had to join the war. This gave employment for over a million men. However this did need money for uniform, weapons etc. So coal mines and factories gave more opportunities for workers. And then more people were needed as engineers, designers and fitters for constructing for the air force.

Law and Order

The police force in Nazi Germany had changed for the benefit of the Nazis. The high status jobs in the police force were given to high ranking Nazis. This then enabled them to report of what was happening to Himmler who was head of Germany's police. This meant that they had more power and were able to do things that normal civilians couldn't. They were also under strict instructions to ignore any crimes that were committed by Nazi agents.

The law courts in Nazi Germany were controlled by the Nazis, as well as the judges and the magistrates. This allowed Nazi agents to be excused for any crimes committed and were unfair to any opponents of Nazism.

Reinhard Heydrich was in charge of the Gestapo. The Gestapo's main aim was to reduce opponents of Nazism and to get rid of anyone who didn't like or approve of Hitler. They had power to send anyone to concentration camps on suspicion without reason.

Himmler who was head of Germany's police was also in charge of the SS. The SS men who were very loyal to Hitler had a main responsibility of destroying opposition to the Nazis. They also had units who were in charge of the concentration camps and it was their duty to get rid of the Jews.

The very first concentration camps were set up in Poland December 8th 1 as soon as Hitler came to power. They had used old factories or warehouses in isolated rural areas.

 

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What is Psychosurgery?

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Psychosurgery is the scientific treatment of mental disorders by means of brain surgery.

To us it may seem absurd that the destruction of an area of the brain could lead to an improvement of a mental process.

But, consider what happens when another organ in the body threatens the well being of the whole. Many times the only solution is to remove the organ permanently and eliminate the source of the problem.

Ancient Psychosurgery

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Brain surgery is perhaps the oldest of the practiced medical arts. There is evidence of brain surgery dating back to the late Stone Age period. The success rate was very good, even circa 7000 B.C.

Brain surgery was also used for spiritual and magical reasons; usually limited to kings or priests.

Surgical tools were found in South America made of bronze or obsidian. Also Africa showed evidence of brain surgery as early as ,000 B.C. in papyrus writings found in Egypt. "Brain," the word, is used here for the first time in any language.

Hippocrates, the father of medical ethics, left many texts on brain surgery. Many concepts in his writings were still in use two thousand years after his death in 60 B.C.

Some of the most famous ancient brain surgeons were; Aulus Cornelius Celsus of Rome. Galenus of Pergamon, born in Turkey. The physicians of Byzance such as Oribasius and Paul of Aegina. There was also an Islamic school of brain surgery from 800 to 100 A.D., the height of Islamic influence in the world. The greatest Islamic brain surgeon wasAbu Bekr Muhammed el Razi, who lived from 85 to A.D. Aby l'Qluasim Khalaf was also an Islamic brain surgeon that practiced in Cordoba, Spain. He was one of the great influences on western brain surgery.

The early procedure was called Trepanning. The first historical and medical accounts of trepanning were made in 1867, by E.G. Squier, in North America and by Paul Broca in Europe.

In the Medieval times, operations were performed by quack doctors, to extract the so-called "stone of madness", which was believed to be the source of mental illness.

Early Pioneers

The road to scientific psychosurgery started with the discovery that certain parts of the brain controlled temperament, mood and intellect.

A bizarre and well publicize case was very important in the realization of the effects of serious damage to a part of the brain, the prefrontal cortex. It became a classical case in the neurology textbooks.

It was that of Phineas Gage, a young railroad construction supervisor in Vermont. In September 1848, there was an explosion projecting a tamping rod against his head. The rod entered his head through his left cheek, destroyed his eye, traveled through the frontal part of the brain, and left the top of the skull at the other side. He was taken to a local doctor, John Harlow, who took care of him. He could both walk and talk. He not only survived, he recovered. Months later, Gage began to have dramatic changes in mood and behavior. He became extravagant and anti-social. He was no longer "himself".

Phineas Gage became a classical case in the textbooks of neurology. The part of the brain which he had lost, was forever associated to the mental and emotional functions which he had lost.

Scientific neurosurgery started for real in the 1th century. In Boston, in the Massachusetts General Hospital, the first surgery under ether anesthesia was performed in 1867.

In 18, William Macewen, a Scottish general surgeon, reported on 1 patients that he operated on for brain abscesses, 18 of whom were cured. Macewen planned his first brain surgery based on the clinical observations of Paul Broca, who was first to determine the location of the speech center of the brain. Victor A.H. Horsley, also became an important predecessor of psychosurgery, due to his invention of the sterotactic technique and apparatus, in 10. Although he developed the technique for animal experimentation, in the 40's several neurosurgeons, such as Ernst Spiegel, in the United States, and Lars Leksell, in Sweden, developed and used for the first time this technique in delicate, precise and minimally invasive brain surgery.

Harvey Williams Cushing, an American, considered the greatest neurosurgeon of the twentieth century, developed a very influential school. From 105 on, he advanced neurosurgery by developing a series of surgical techniques, which are still in use today.

Lobotomy

In 180, a German scientist named Friederich Golz, while doing surgical experiments with dogs, reported that when the temporal lobes were removed, animals were more tame and calmer than those who were not operated on.

This inspired Gottlieb Burkhardt, a physician and supervisor of an insane asylum in Switzerland, to perform in 18 an operation to remove parts of the cortex of six schizophrenic patients. Some of his patients became calmer after the surgery (two of them died). Burkgardt was opposed and criticized by the medical authorities of his time so very few psychosurgeries of this kind were done in the next forty years.

In 16, the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz introduced a surgical operation, prefrontal leucotomy, which after an initial period came to be used particularly in the treatment of schizophrenia. The operation, later called lobotomy, consisted in incisions that destroyed connections between the prefrontal region and other parts of the brain.

At that time there did not exist any effective treatment for schizophrenia. The treatment became popular in many countries all over the world and Moniz received the Nobel Prize in 14.

Among those who followed Moniz' lead, was the nerologist and neurosurgeon team of Walter Freeman and James Wats in the United States. Freeman and Watts perfected the technique, arriving to what he called the "FreemanWatts Standard Procedure", which had a precise set of guidelines for insertion of the leukotome (the instrument for severing the frontal lobe).

Lobotomy took America and some other countries by storm. Between 1 and 151, more than 18,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States. It was widely abused as a method to control undesirable behavior. In Japan, the majority of the operated cases were children, many who simply had behavior problems or bad grades at school. Inmates at prisons for the insane were operated on, and families trying to get rid of difficult relatives would submit them to lobotomy.

Ethical objections began to pile up, because of the irreversible damage to the brain, and because of the severe effects of the surgery on the personality and emotional life of the patients. In addition, the appearance of new antipsychotic and antideppressive drugs, such as Thorazine in the 150's, gave new means to combat most of the symptoms experienced by patients. Neurosurgesns everywhere started to abandon lobotomy in favor of more humane methods of treatment.

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The Gorgeous America

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Few political documents have affected the world quite like the American Declaration of Independence or the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The repercussions of each have had a profound effect on world history up to this point. But why did these documents have such an effect? The answer lies in the common philosophical backgrounds of the two. The writings of Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu all contained ideas that were later used by Thomas Jefferson and the National Assembly to compose the two documents.

Rousseaus ideas of a social contract, which states that the general will and the people were sovereign, and if a king abuses the liberty of the people they have a right and a duty to dissolve the current government and create a new one (McKay, 581), were central to both documents. Jefferson had Rousseaus ideas in mind when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. The history of the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states...a prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people...we therefore...solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are...independent states... (Jefferson, 1-). The reasons, such as suspension of colonial legislatures, impressment of American sailors and the importation of mercenaries (Jefferson, ), given for the dissolution of the political connections that the American and British people have held for over 100 years all relate to the Kings tyrannical tendencies and the peoples right to choose a different government. The edict also states that although petitions of grievances were issued, the King turned a deaf ear.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man is not only built on the social contract, but also on Rousseaus idea of general will of the people. He defines the general will as being, Sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of the sovereign powers. (McKay, 581) Passing and enforcing arbitrary laws are considered to be an act of tyranny and a substantial reason, according to Rousseau, to declare the current government void and establish a new one. Article VII clearly states that arbitrary laws and orders cannot exist.(Sherman, 100) The fact that this is distinctly stated implies that arbitrary laws were being passed and enforced under Louis XVI. Article VI states that law is the expression of the general will every citizen has the right to participate personally or through his represenative.... (Sherman, 100)

Lockes ideas of natural rights, the rights of human beings to the pursuit of life, liberty, and property (McKay, 54), is clearly stated in both declarations. In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson used the exact words in the preamble - life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness - in which he uses happiness to mean property.(1) He also cites examples of the arbitrary suspension of liberties by George III such as the right to peaceably assemble, taxation without the consent of the colonists, maintenance of a peacetime standing army, and the right to a trial by jury.(1-)

A reference to natural rights also appear in the preamble of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Article II of the proclamation directly states, The aim of all political associations is the preservation of the natural ... rights of man (which are)... liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression. (Sherman, -100) Article IV defines liberty as

The freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assures to the other members of society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.(Sherman, 100)

The rights of freedom from arbitrary imprisonment and the idea of someone accused of a crime is innocent until proven guilty (Sherman, 100) were all laid out by the national Assembly and run parallel to Lockes ideas about human rights.

Montesquieus ideas of the courts being the foremost protector of liberties (577) is used as a reason for the break with Great Britain. The justices of the admiralty or naval courts that existed in colonial America served at Kings Pleasure rather than Good Behavior, ensuring that the decisions of the courts would be biased in favor of the King. The right to a trial by jury was also suspended for those who broke the laws laid down by the Navigation acts. The colonials expressed these concerns in the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of the Rights of Man also hold Montesquieus interpretation of the courts. It provides for the right to a trial and freedom from punishments that are not strictly and obviously necessary.(Sherman 100) It also holds that all men are equal in the eyes of the law.

Both the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen have common roots in the arguments of the Enlightenment, and in the Enlightened philosophies Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu. Rousseaus idea of a social contract, Lockes natural rights, and Montesquieus idea of the courts being the defenders of liberties all came into play when the two documents were written, and in being written, the culmination of the Enlightened thinkers came to their peak.

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