Renaissance music

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The Structure and Style of Renaissance Music

In the Renaissance period, composers began experimenting with harmony in their work. Imitative polyphony, monophonic solo and polychoral music was the main style in the Renaissance. Imitative polyphony is when all the voices in a piece of music move at the same speed and share the development of the piece in a way that later became known as Fugue.

Polychoral music is similar to polyphony but is written for choirs, usually to be sung in church. Monophony is simply a solo piece with one line of music and, naturally, one voice.

Medieval and Renaissance styles differ in the way the music is written as well, in the order it's written. Medieval composers built the music up layer upon layer, whereas Renaissance composers often preferred to write all the parts simultaneously, and blend them together rather than contrast them.

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There is a lot of emphasis on texture in polyphony music. Specific instruments were chosen because they had a certain texture in their sound and the composer would use that texture to compliment other textures within the piece.

Renaissance Instruments

The Renaissance saw many new instruments as well as old ones remaining popular. Different composers preferred to write for different instruments predominantly, but the basic availability remained pretty much the same. These are the main instruments that were used in Renaissance music

The Lute

The lute is the ancestor of the modern day guitar. It held the highest respect of all instruments during the Renaissance, both as an accompaniment and as a solo instrument. It could be played with a plectrum but the best lutenists used only their fingers, giving a very distinctive, very expressive sound.

Although the greatest repertoire for the lute is from England, the finest lutes came from Italy. The delicacy of the sound is reflected in the light construction of the instrument. The pear shaped body was usually made of pine, often less than an eighth on an inch thick. In the centre of the body at the front was a sound hole or rose, often ornately carved. The neck of the lute was made from yew or cedar and the eleven (or sometimes more) strings were of light gauge because the neck could not withstand any thicker at high tension.

The lute was a loud instrument, played mostly in the courts of the wealthy and also royalty. It went out of tune easily, and was eventually replaced during the Baroque period by various keyboard instruments which could more easily accommodate the new virtuoso solo and continuo style of that era.

The Viol

Viols were bowed instruments with frets. They were played downwards towards the lap or between the legs like a modern cello. The nasal qualities of its sound made it slightly too restrained for dances, where it was sometimes used but not often. It was, however, ideal for Renaissance polyphony, where the clarity of texture in the music is so important.

Before the mid-16th century, viols had been played mostly by court musicians but towards the beginning of the 17th century they were being played by many amateurs as well. By this time, like madrigal singing, viol playing had become very much a part of music making in the Elizabethan home. Viols were still very popular in England long after they had been replaced by the violin on the continent.

The body of the viol was, like the lute, lightly constructed and the six strings were under quite low tension. There were numerous sizes, including the treble, alto, small tenor, tenor and the bass. The viol's bow had a distinct convex bend, as opposed to the violin's concave bend, and it was held in an underhand grip, with the player's palm facing upwards.

The Shawm

Unlike the Medieval shawm, the Renaissance shawm uses a broad cane reed. In smaller shawms the reed was inside a pirouette (a funnel shaped protector). Shawms had several finger holes and vent holes near the bell. The lowest notes had key mechanisms but the rest were fingered like a recorder or pipe. Shawms were played mostly in courtyards.

The Pipe and Tabor

The idea of the pipe and tabor was that one player could accompany himself, making it ideal for dances or background music for courtyard entertainers. The pipe is a simple instrument with usually only three finger holes (for the index finger, middle finger and thumb). It was narrow to facilitate overblowing, and had a ridge around the bottom to help the player support it in just one hand.

The tabor was a basic double-headed drum, slung over the player's shoulder with a leather strap. It was usually played with a drumstick, although sometimes played with a bare hand.

The Psaltery

The psaltery was a very old instrument from medieval times. Early versions were simply a wooden board with gut strings stretched between pegs, and later versions had sound holes, a hollow box and metal strings.

The player performed with the instrument usually in front of him on his lap or on a table, or in front of the chest on a strap around his neck. It was played either with the fingernails or, more often, with a pair of quills of plectra, one in each hand.

The psaltery had no specific repertory, and was very widely used until the early 16th century but towards the end of the Renaissance was being used less and less. The psaltery eventually evolved into the harpsichord.

The Crumhorn

The crumhorn was a double-reeded instrument developed in the early 15th century. It was a wooden instrument, curved at the end. It had a cap with a slot enclosing the reed. The sound the instrument gave was a reedy, distinctly nasal tone, but soft.

Crumhorns, like many instruments, came in various different sizes. Alto, tenor, bass and great bass were the main ones. A four-part consort consisted of an alto crumhorn, two tenors and a bass.

Despite its strange shape and the amusing reaction of listeners when the instrument is played poorly, the crumhorn played a serious role in all kinds of Renaissance music ranging from dances and madrigals to church music.

As early as 1500 crumhorns were used to accompany two masses performed for the wedding of Duke Johan and Sophia of Mecklenburg. King Henry VIII of England owned twenty-five crumhorns, so it's likely that they would have been played at his court.

Hurdy-gurdy

The hurdy-gurdy was the first stringed instrument to which the keyboard principle was applied. The French name 'viella a roue' means 'wheel fiddle', which was how the sound was produced.

The bowing of a fiddle was replaced by a circular wheel bow coated in resin. When the crank is spun, the wheel turns and the gut strings vibrate.

The hurdy-gurdy was ideal for dance and some versions were played by two performers; one to crank, and one to push the keys. Shorter, later instruments only required a single player. Some were oblong in shape but others had a large body with a shape similar to that of a viol.

Recorders

The principle of the recorder seems as old as mankind, having dated back to as early as the 11th century. The instrument's essential features were the lip (cut near to the top of the body), the fipple (a block of wood inserted in the end to be blown), and the windway (a narrow channel along the fipple which air is blown against the edge of the lip to produce sound).

It is difficult to document the recorder's early history due to the inability to identify what is and what is not a recorder in medieval art. Renaissance recorders don't differ very much from medieval ones although they do have a smaller range than Baroque recorders.

The sound is soft, full and rich in texture, making recorders suitable for monophonic solo pieces and very good for Renaissance polyphony as well. They were made from maple usually and, like viols and crumhorns, came in various different sizes. Soprano, alto, tenor, bas and great bass were the most common although the great bass was used significantly less than the others were.

The Sackbut

Many names have been given to the renaissance trombone including saqueboute, shakbusshes, seykebuds, sakbuds, shakebuttes, shagbutts and even shagbolts but the most frequently used is sackbut. The word 'sackbut' literally means 'push-pull' which is exactly how the instrument was played.

It is uncertain when the sackbut first appeared, but by the early 16th century it is illustrated and mentioned regularly in detail. It was used both outdoors and in church and was usually accompanied by a shawm or a cornett.

Four sizes were used mainly; alto, tenor, bass and great bass. The sackbut differs from today's trombone by the much less flared bell, they were of smaller bore, had no slide lock, water key or tuning slide. It wasn't accepted completely as an orchestral instrument until the early Baroque period.

Renaissance Composers

There were many composers in the Renaissance era, significantly more than in the medieval period and increasing towards the end of the era. Such composers include Jacques Arcadelt (1505-1568); Claude Le Jeune (150-1600); William Byrd (154-16); Giovanni Gabrieli (1554-161); Thomas Morley (1557-160); Guillame Dufay (1400-1474); Antione Busnoys (140-14) and Josquin Des Prez (1440-151). Most Renaissance composers came from Italy or The Netherlands, but a large number also came from England.

John Bull

John Bull (151-168) was a famous English composer and keyboard player, one of the leading virginals and organ players of his time. It is thought that he was born in Radnorshire in Wales in 156. He became a chorister at Hereford Cathedral in 157 but was soon taken into the Chapel Royal Choir. Between 158 and 158 he had duties as an organist and master of choristers at Hereford as well as in London, where he was the Queen's Organist.

Both Cambridge and Oxford universities awarded him doctorates in music. After being given the post of Public Reader in Music at Gresham College (London), Bull was involved in several scandals and failures in business, including organ building.

In 161, Bull, along with William Byrd and Orlando Gibbons, published 'Parthenia', the first printed book of music for the virginals. He was eventually driven out of England with charges of adultery and he found employment as an instrument builder in the Netherlands.

Bull died in 168. He was buried at Antwerp Cathedral, where he had previously been organist.

Most of his surviving compositions are dance pieces for the keyboard but he also wrote a set of 10 canons for keyboard, which are regarded as some of the finest examples of canonic writing of the era.

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Human Resource Outsourcing

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Human Resource Outsourcing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Human Resource Outsourcing paper right on time.

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In today global business environment, firms are facing the increasing of the competitiveness, new technology and corporate restructuring, such factors force firms to seek and sustain competitive advantages by emphasizing on profitability and productivity of each department. For this reason, today some firms embrace outsourcing concept through outsourcing all or part of HR functions could reduce cost and increase the effectiveness of HR department. Many surveys and academic researches were conducted in the past decade and shows that the use of HR outsourcing is growing and continuing to increase. More firms have started to outsource their HR functions for a variety of reasons. They believe that outsourcing could benefit to organisations such as reducing overhead costs, gaining expertise from outside agencies, minimizing the regular workload of HR staff and improving quality and efficiency of the organisation.

However, does outsourcing really provide a numerous of benefits to the firm and solve all problems without having any negative impacts to the firm? Therefore, it was found that arguments are raised in many strategic HR literatures. In this paper, we will examine a prescriptive article "Beyond Benefits The Changing Face of HR Outsourcing" and discuss different perspectives on the related issues which are provided by other authors in other SHRM literatures.

Generally speaking, there is a dramatic increase in the use of HR outsourcing in accordance with all surveys. Although there are a lot of surveys showing this trend, it is noted that the research is based on all organisations in US or western countries but less research in the eastern countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea, etc. Because of the globalization and increasing environmental complexity, therefore, in my point of view, researchers should not confine to some regions.

Next issue to be discussed in this paper is about whether HR outsourcing is a tool for achieving competitive advantage. As the authors state, firms can gain competitive advantage through outsourcing which could provide better, faster and cheaper the best-in-world HR services (Jeffay, Bohannon and Laspisa 17, p.4). Switser (17) also has similar point of view, he pointed out that outsourcing the transaction-based HR activates can free HR managers and other managers to struggle with strategic business issues (Switser 17). However, Huselid (15) argues that outsourcing some HR functions may reduce competitive advantage. He points out that some HR functions are seen as cost centers but other may create value as part of a firm's strategic infrastructure. From a strategic perspective, recruiting and selection are important activities in the firms in order to select talents. If outsourcing these firm-specific skills may hinder the ability of the firms to develop unique competencies within their workforce. Therefore, outsourcing is found to limit the development of distinctive competencies and to create inefficiencies because agencies may be lack of firm-specific knowledge and engage in opportunistic behavior. (Huselid 15)

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In this part, we would discuss whether outsourcing could bring benefits or be harmful to the organisations. In the article, the authors mention there are three benefits of outsourcing that also are reasons for the firms to outsource their HR functions. These benefits include enhanced value of the firms, increase speed to change and reduced costs. Indeed, these are not only the benefits to the firms. Another benefit does not mention in the article including free sources for other purpose. For example, outsourcing permits the firms to redirect their resources from non-core activities towards other activities then results in focusing on customers' needs and to provide better customer service. Moreover, if part of HR function, like routine administrative, is being outsourced, the resources of HR could be used on the role of change agent and strategic business partner in the organisations. In addition, outside agencies also could provide specialists and legal advices for such firms in which internal expertise unlikely could be employed due to the high cost. As a result, firms can improve compliance with governmental regulations and minimized penalties (The 00; Mobley and Maurer 18).

So far it seems a lot of positive outcomes of outsourcing. However, one of the benefits - cost reduction, which is deemed as the firm desire benefit from outsourcing, is a controversial topic and raise counter-argument in some literatures. A study conducted by Klass (1) uses transaction-cost economies theory to explain the outsourcing benefits received by the firms and its transaction cost is varying to different organisations. The study indicates that transaction costs could be increased by opportunistic behavior by service providers to which the firm has grown dependent. For example, agencies may increase price at contract renewal, charging more for adjustments or add-on during the contract period. (Klass, Clendon and Gainey 1)

On the other hand, extra costs may be added to the firms such as managing the relationship between HR department and the agencies (Teems 00). Besides, if the firms use sole supplier, monitoring costs are added to retain sufficient expertise to supervise and monitor the performance of the supplier in order to avoid the supplier perform inadequately (Siegel 000). As a result, costs for outsourcing may be greater than the costs if the firm handles HR functions internally. In the case of the Southwest Airlines, the company focuses on excellent customer service and requires its employees have high contact with the customers. Therefore, outsourcing customer service may in turn increase the costs and reduce the level of the quality services. This case is an example that could apply to HR outsourcing (Teems 00)

In the article, the authors only emphasize on outsourcing benefits rather its disadvantages. Thus, it is necessary to examine another side of the fact. Next, we will discuss the negative impacts which are extracted from other literatures.

According to other literatures, culture fit, lack of control, resistance to change and morale problem are real problems will cause ineffectiveness to the firms (Teems 00; Siegel 000; Mobley and Maurer 18; Prince 00). In this article, the authors raise a good point that HR consultants need to understand the industry and the specific culture of the firms. In fact, cultural transition can cause problems. Most agencies may not understand the corporate culture or personality, the whole HR system provided by them may not fit in the firm due to some of them only produce one set of the system for all their clients in order to reduce the production costs. Another problem is resistance to change. Internal resistance to the changes is not unusual when outsourcing (Prince 00). In most cases HR managers are unwilling to adopt the change as well as employees' morale will decrease owing to the fear of losing jobs. Finally, the problem of lack of control may occur, for example, the firm has to accept inflexible system which is controlled by the agencies. Therefore, management has to pay attention to these negative impacts.

TCE theory concludes that HR outsourcing is related to the form of governance structure and the perceived benefits generated by reliance on idiosyncratic HR practices, uncertainty, size and cost pressure of the firms. This theory is supported by research so that is more convincible compared to the article. Furthermore, one of the popular organisational strategy theories from Miles and Snow (14) classifies 4 types of organisations which are defender, prospector, analyzer and reactor. Defender would be less reliance on HR outsourcing; however, prospector's HR strategy is acquiring HR from outside. Similarly, in accordance with Porter's theory organisation has innovation strategy would rely on external sources but those have cost-reduction strategy would rely on internal sources. (SHRM Lecture Note)

Finally, the authors believe the outsourcing development will be determined by the paths taken by agencies and firms. Would outsourcing develop quickly? In my opinion, it depends on whether outsourcing benefits weigh the costs. Otherwise, the firms would not consider to outsource even agencies play more aggressive strategy.

In summary, the article clearly provides us an overall concept of HR outsourcing with understandable three roles model. However, the shortfall of the article is lack of in-depth research and supporting evidences. Besides, it does not examine the effects of outsourcing in different aspects such as other outsourcing problems. Unfortunately, the main purpose of the article is to sell the advantages of outsourcing to potential buyers or other HR practitioners in organisations. It may be very convincible to some employers they are considering HR outsourcing. However, it may not be a good article for a student to investigate the issues about strategic HRM. After investigating a number of literatures, there are just a few theoretical and empirical studies and a valid model of HR outsourcing was developed except TCE theory. Due to HR outsourcing is a long term issue in a strategic HRM field, it was suggested to require further studies in every part of the world.

Huselid, M. A. 15, The impacts of HRM practices on turnover, productivity and corporate, financial performance, Academy of Management Journal, no.

Jeffay, J., Bohannon, S. and Laspisa, E. K. 17, Beyond benefits the changing face of HR outsourcing, Benefits Quarterly, First Quarter, vol 1, iss. 1, p.41

Klaas, B. S., Clendon, J. M. and Gainey, T. W. 1, HR outsourcing and its impact The role of transaction costs, Personnel Psychology, vol. 5, iss. 1

Mobley, N. and Maurer, R. 18, Outsourcing is it the HR department of the future?, HR Focus, vol 75, no.11

Prince, M. 00, Vendors vie to take on non-core functions Employers seek lower HR costs, Business Insurance, vol 7, no. 0

SHRM Lecture Note 00, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Siegel, G. B. 000, Outsourcing Personnel Functions, Public Personnel Management, vol. , iss.

Switser, J. 17, Trends in HR outsourcing, Management Accounting, iss. Nov, pp.-6

Teems, Y. 00, Outsourcing offers some pros, along with a few cons, Business Insurance, vol 7, no. 0

Teh, A. 00, Considering HR outsourcing, New Straits Times

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CREDITEK CORPORTATION

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on CREDITEK CORPORTATION. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality CREDITEK CORPORTATION paper right on time.

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Professional debit management firms establish long-term relationships with corporations that may need outsourcing to provide services that enhance their cash receivables. By doing so, the firm can focus on other aspects of their client's needs and not on management of cash flow. One corporation that leads the industry in outsourcing is Creditek. The focus of Creditek is to improve financial performance through quality principles. They strive to provide immediate improvement in receivable performance and create deduction resolutions to enhance profit ability. Their goal is to increase a firm's revenue and decrease their losses. John Metzger, founder and President of Creditek, organized this corporation to assist companies as they recapture profits and working capital frozen in the order-to-cash cycle.

Since 18, Creditek has been a key factor in helping their clients process customer claims, enhance cash flow performance, and reduce business process cost. They have succeeded in generating hundreds of millions of dollars to their client's cash flow annually. Other services provided are exception management and revenue cycles consulting. Exception management deals with customers pricing issues, returned goods, and shortages caused by the client. Expedited correctly, exception management issues can be the best way to keep a happy customer-client relationship. Revenue cycle consulting deals with the collections process, claims management, accounts receivable performance, and profits. The revenue cycle consulting is so instrumental because it increases the firms' stream of cash flow and working capital.

Creditek services Fortune 1000 sized firms in the United States as well as international firms in Europe and Latin America. Their growth is achieved by networking with existing clients to add numerous prospects from other industries. Having offices nationwide and seven hundred fifty employees, Creditek enhances their clients' receivable performance by cutting operation costs. Industrial growth opportunities worldwide help Creditek expand their scope of services. This includes deduction management, invoice collection, credit decision, and preparation of systems conversion.

Creditek is not a publicly traded company. Companies such as General Atlantic Partners LLC, the world's largest equity firm, invests substantial amounts of money in companies in need of strategic assistance. General Atlantic Partners LLC, invested $0 million dollars in Creditek on May 14, 001. These funds were issued to help Creditek complete technology expansion and ensure rapid growth of the order-to-cash cycle segment of global business outsource markets. Creditek focuses on quality and client financial performance.

Being the industries' largest accounts receivable company leaves little room for competitors. Companies such as Pyramid and IAB are working towards increasing client prospects. As of now, both companies focus on improving their clients' cash flow and net worth. All three companies have a common goal, to help each of their clients create a solution to reclaim substantial amounts of written-off revenue. But neither company can compare to the many clients Creditek services throughout the country. Their consulting and outsource clientele include 00 of the Fortune 1000 consumer goods, services, high-technology, and manufacturing firms. Let's face the facts Creditek is the leader in providing superior client services to companies in need of financial solutions. The goal of Creditek is to continuously build relationships with companies to ensure their financial success. Creditek is dedicated to providing quality service to their clients through their best practices, extraordinary technology, and knowledge. Creditek realizes that significant improvement is the bottom line. Their unique and highly focused insight into the Business Process Outsourcing area will help accelerate Creditek's already outstanding performance. The overall objective of Creditek's organization is to eliminate mistakes and to eliminate poor decisions.

One on-site company, which deals with Creditek, is Thomas and Betts. Thomas and Betts is located at 8155 T&B Blvd. In Memphis, Tn. Thomas and Betts is a distribution company that provides many goods and services to different businesses throughout the country. Our current position at this site is to create a sensible strategy to restructure their finance into becoming a net gain. Our goal and mission is to provide the most innovative way to decrease their overall expenses for their account receivables department and increase their net worth. We specialize in creating a zero tolerance for their account balancing and the exchange of monies and products and services.

Our structure of process is divided into two primary working teams. Each group for both areas is divided into two sections of operational functions. One group is primarily responsible for analyzing and gathering the incoming deductions, receipts, and checks. This group is called the ongoing team. The other section is responsible for applying and researching the credit or deduction. This group is called the functional team. As a group and team we all work together and have been able to decrease Thomas and Betts' accounts receivables by over ninety percent. This shows the company that not only will we help with their bottom line but we also have organization behavior skills. Organization Behavior is the field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organization, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness. As workers or students, we all have experienced conflict and problems in a work or group setting. Although conflict is a natural and acceptable occurrence in the work setting, our goal is to learn and seek effective ways to solving conflict as well as preventing it. Communication is a very important tool to resolving conflict. It will allow us to exchange information, receive and understand each other. The key to finding and implementing solutions is to first identify the problem, communicate the problem, listen to the problem, respond to the problem, and last but not least, solve the problem. It's evident that people will always work and interact together to insure an effective turnout.

The ongoing team is set in groups by regions and alpha sections. Each person has a specific company they work with and have to distribute accounts in alphabetical order. The analysts' accounts are divided among four individuals, Employee A, B, C, and D. However, the work structure is divided into two processes, 1) two team members made the calls and follow-up status on accounts, ) two team members receive, gather, and matched all incoming data for deductions. The accounts are divided into section of alphabets A-L and M-Z. Using this process prevents a backlog. Their goal is to complete and clear old accounts from the beginning to the end as well as establishing a current status on all accounts.

At the beginning of the newly structured teams, we were all told that eventually each person would become a full-based full-time receiver of unidentified items. As we were told, the change did occur and the process was implemented. Each person is responsible for their section of alphabets, and one major account. There were some different views and insights regarding the change, however, working as an analyst from the beginning, I thought the change was great and would definitely be more effective in meeting the company's goal.

This change affected the bottom line of Thomas and Betts cash receivables net income. Since our job is based on collecting all invalid deductions, it is imperative that all attempts to collect a debt have been used before write off is recommended. After all prudent efforts have been failed, deductions that cannot be validated or cannot be collected are recommended for write off. We assure Thomas and Betts that before write offs are recommended that all deductions have been research and are fully supported by hard copy files. Working at Creditek for the past two years has raised a question in my mind about the mind-set of Creditek as a company. While Creditek thrives on excellence and perfection with their on-site company, why do they not focus on the importance of employee satisfaction also?

The Problem

Creditek has a growing issue with the retention of their employees. Turnover is costly and disruptive, and has lasting strain on a company and it's employees. This can limit its ability to compete effectively in todays business climate. The United States Department of Labor estimates the cost of employee turnover at one-third of the annual salary of the newly hired person. Costs include lost productivity while the position is vacant, recruiting and screening costs, interview costs, training costs, and the cost of reduced efficiency as the new employee learns the job.

Please note that this sample paper on CREDITEK CORPORTATION is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on CREDITEK CORPORTATION, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on CREDITEK CORPORTATION will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Do androids dream of electric sheep. Philip K Dick.

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According to I.Halmgren, "science fictional worlds" "the distinctive feature of science fiction is in its generic license to create worlds that are other than the world we know." This statement is partly true for Phillip K Dick's novel Do androids dream of electric sheep?. However, the genre of science fiction is better described by the Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms, "Prose fiction that explores the probable outcomes of some improbable or impossible transformations of the basic human (or intelligent nonhuman) condition."(Baldick0) This essay will argue that Do Androids Dream of Electric sheep?, fits into that criteria perfectly because, although there are some new things that place the novel in the science fiction category, the world created by Dick is basically the world that we inhabit.

The nova, which are the new things that are different about the world of Do Androids Dream Electric Sheep, are that it is set in the future in a decaying post-nuclear environment. Therefore there is a lot more technology. People have colonized other planets and they have hovercrafts. The most important technological difference is that now androids are so completely self-aware and similar to humans that it has become difficult to decide who is who. The people in the novel are like us except that their lives and ethics seem different because of their dystopic environment and because of the new dilemma they face concerning the ethical treatment of androids. However, the differences are only surface variations of life, as we know it in our own world.

Even at face value, the world of Do Androids Dream of Electric sheep? immediately has elements that reflect our own world. For example, the main protagonist, Rick Deckard at first appears to be an ordinary man with an ordinary, stereotypical marriage and domestic life. He has regular thoughtless ideals that are very familiar to us. He wants to keep up with the neighbors. It is a capitalist, consumeristic world complete with commercials and brand names and living in a way that one does not particularly like in order to hold down a job and pay for merchandise. In both worlds materialism is a barrier to true understanding. Even animals are commodified in this story and traded like used cars.

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On a more philosophical level, the world of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep is like our world in that it has existentialist themes because it questions what it is to be human by examining different kinds of self awareness. The novel provides it's own methods of classification for humanness and then purposefully disturbs those precepts so that the reader may query their own definitions about what it is to be human and accordingly, who they believe to be valuable and who is not.

Like our world, the novel defines what is human in a culturally subjective way. Apart from the obvious difference, that humans are organically born and androids created, the novel defines humans according to their ability to feel empathy for others. We know that they characterize humans by their ability to show empathy because the machine they use to prove authentic humanness does so by measuring empathic reactions to a series of emotional scenarios. According to the test, an example of a proper human response is the repulsion to the idea of eating meat, which is an interesting cultural question. It is making the statement that morality is purely subjective. It is very important for those in Dick's world to show that they have empathy to others and are therefore human by taking care of an animal. Also, in order to feel human they can fuse with Wilbur Mercer, and experience others, with is another example of empathy as proof of humanness. An extra explanation of what it is to be human according to the novel is a being that is self-deterministic and not preprogrammed, complete with false memories.

Both the characters of the novel and we treat certain humans differently. A classification that is neither human nor android is for those who are "special" (genetically damaged), like John Isodore. In our world, some people with genetic mental disabilities are discouraged from having children and many believe that they should be sterilized. Humans are often not comfortable with those who have an outstanding flaw. Nor do humans show much empathy for these people. John Isodores loneliness and social isolation is an all too common truth of our world.

In the novel, and in our real life, the boundaries that make someone human or not human are not rational or clear. At the same time as setting those characterizations of human beings, the novel intentionally breaks those conventions so that ultimately, the similarities outweigh the differences by far. Human beings could be mistaken for androids. An example of an event in the novel where humans are like androids is when Deckard and his wife use the mood organ. If the very basis of their being human is that they have spontaneous emotion, the electric mood organ surely interferes with their humanity. Also, the mood enhancer as an object is not entirely alien to our world. Mood altering prescription drugs are used in our culture regularly as a method for people to escape their despair.

As animals, and people that are alien to us are often the same, androids can also be mistaken for humans in the novel. At many times throughout the novel androids show human characteristics. The fact that they want to rebel and seek a better life is self-determining behavior rather than programmed into them. The most lifelike androids up to date were called nexus, which means link (macquarie dictionary68) That meant that that model of android symbolized the "missing link" between androids and humans. Also the nexus 6 androids of the novel are a link because they occupy the space between the boundaries of what it is to be human or not. Also there are examples whereby androids do show empathy for others. One of these is when Rob Baty screamed out in pain when his partner was killed. The rebel androids did care about the welfare of the group.

The confusion about what is human and valuable and what is not is also very much a problem in our world. For example, Nazi Germany dehumanized Jews, as did European settlers to Australian aboriginals. Even right now, in our time and culture there are people in Australian detention centers who are treated inhumanely. The attitudes behind these atrocities are satirized in the novel when an advertisement for colonization refers to the days of slavery in Southern America as halcyon. (Dick.p16) Often our treatment of animals involves separating ourselves from their emotions.

We sometimes justify our actions by ignoring the self-awareness of others and objectifying them, as though they were androids. Thus we can set double standards. Those double standards are represented in the novel by humans caring for electric sheep in their leisure hours and desiring affection and sexual connection androids yet killing them for a living.

In reality no-one can truly understand what the minds of others is about, just as Deckard cannot decide what thoughts make someone human. It is a fact, that just as androids are deprived of human rights in the novel, so are many people and animals not given their rights in our world. In the novel, the real reason that it happens is because the people are afraid and that is the same in our world too. The people are afraid that the androids will become superior to them and also they have to be different to androids to maintain their identity.

Another way that Deckard's world mirrors our own is by the similarities of the cult religions between each world, The cult religions of the novel are divided by the followers of Wilbur Mercer (humans) and the followers of Buster Friendly (androids). Wilbur Mercer is a Christ-like figure because he is self sacrificing for the good of humanity. He is also a little bit like the Greek legendary hero Sisyphus, who is condemned to repeatedly push a rock up a mountain as punishment for his craving for life. Just as the absurd plight of Sisyphus represented the struggles of life that we all share, so does Wilbur Mercer.

It is interesting that the name "Mercer" sounds like mercantile and mercenary, which is what characterizes humans weather real or in the novel. Creating the androids in the first place to be so self-aware and to have emotions is an extreme mercenary act. They are created so that the corporations can make money without any care given to what misery they are bound to encounter. The question is, why do the consumers want the androids to be so like humans? Perhaps is about having power over another? Buster Friendly is like a hero to the androids because he is an android and he exposes Wilbur Mercer, who is responsible for some of the persecution that they suffer.

In conclusion, I do not agree with Halmgren that Science fictional worlds are necessarily different from our own. Although there may be some differences, the things that bring meaning to the genre of science fiction are those things that are the same. The science fictional world created by Phillip K Dick in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is different from our world because it is set in the future after an ecological disaster but the humans have not changed a bit. They are still politically dysfunctional as they are socially motivated purely by materialism and greed. They are still unreasonable, confused creatures that have no understanding for others. Just as the mistreatment of those who are different from us, and the practical slavery of animals are parts of our world, the humans of the future created by Dick have still not learnt to break down cultural boundaries and live at peace with others.

List of Works Consulted

Baldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York Oxford University Press, 001.

Dick, Philip K. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Great Britain Millennium, 1.

The Macquarie Dictionary. Australia The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 001

List of Works Consulted

Baldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York Oxford University Press, 001.

Dick, Philip K. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Great Britain Millennium, 1.

The Macquarie Dictionary. Australia The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 001

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Microsoft vs ibm

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CASE SUMMARY

An overview of the background and the current status

Although Microsoft came into the picture as a collaborator of Apple, it turned out to be a strong competitor to beat when it introduced the windows. Up until the early 10's Apple's operating system was superior to Microsoft's Windows. The scene changed when the later introduced Windows '5.

The ten years of absolute success for Apple did not have the expected outcome. In the computer industry, what seems to matter is the hardware base. Despite the fact that Macs were successful in the educational and home sector, they did not manage to enter the business sector when the PC market was evolving rapidly. The PCs won over the Macintosh due to the compatibility with other computers. Moreover, due to the high production cost of the Macs costumers were more willing to acquire a Microsoft computer. Microsoft alone now controls the 50% of the worldwide computer market.

College papers on microsoft vs ibm

In order for Apple to regain control and succeed, managers must separate themselves from the usual strategies of competing with IBM or better, leave the competitive market to Dell, Compaq, etc and focus on the company's opportunities.

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They must give all their effort in trying to support and develop the already existing market of education and home entertainment. The matter of compatibility must also be examined so as for the operating system to be more "close" to the Windows based computers.

Apple has both strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats. By correct strategic plans and decision-making, managers will be able to place their product in a better position in the market and consequently in customers minds.

APPLE'S SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS

-Worldwide brand recognition.

-Innovation ability in both design and marketing.

-Ease of use of its products.

-Strong inventory management.

WEAKNESSES

-Poor technical support.

-Incompatibility with existing PCs.

-Weak manufacturing ability to keep up with demand.

-Price ( expensive due to production cost).

-Users do not feel comfortable with these computers because of their incompatibility.

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OPPORTUNITIES

-Exploit iMac's success.

-Collaboration with retailers.

-Network computers.

-Support of existing users.

-Increase compatibility.

-Justify price.

-Change design ( ex. iMacs ) .

THREATS

-Internet peripherals.

-Microsoft's influence in the software industry.

-Network computers.

-Competitors are trying to copy Apple's new designs.

IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR STRATEGIC ISSUES

The major key issue for Apple is whether the company should or should not continue the battle against Microsoft and other PC competitors once it has already been defeated. Moreover, the possibility of trying to become alike to the competitive products or rather further differentiate its products must also be discussed.

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ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

For the case of Apple there are no alternative solutions. The company must either

a)continue the battle against Microsoft and thus tend to become more and more compatible with the competitive products or

b)Become a completely different product by further differentiating itself from the Windows programs.

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

In the case Apple decides to go along and become compatible with Microsoft's Windows managers must consider the drawbacks of this decision. In the first place, Apple will not be any longer the unique company costumers knew and trusted. Users might feel tricked and they will no longer be satisfied from the computer they have since they will no longer know its capabilities and its functioning. Moreover, it is possible for the production cost to remain at the same levels as today. However, Apple will be forced to reduce prices since the company will be selling a computer with no differences from the rest. Last but not least, investor's confidence will be shaked since they were investing their money in something different and not in a usual computer market. The company will be derived from its brand name and the recognition it gained from that and so help the PC become even more dominant into the market. Managers will have to convince consumers that the newly released products are as good as the previous ones not to mention better.

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On the other hand, Apple will create products according to the needs of their costumers. Products easy to use, fashionable and modern and thus Apple, will become the bigger competitive force against Microsoft , Dell , Compaq etc. Producers have the bases for a new product due to the prior technological advancements and therefore the company will not be obliged to spend great amounts of money on research and production.

If Apple manages to become compatible with Microsoft, it will have surpassed its biggest obstacle and the road to success will be lying in front of them.

Yet, if managers decide to make a further distinction of the company from Microsoft's Windows, Apple will remain in the margin and as time passes - and more needs are created where the already existing ones are changing - users, will realize the need for something more advanced and with greater capabilities. Apple, will be considered a once great company that has now lost complete contact with the subject of PCs.

The advantages will be restricted in the production of fashionable products (ex the iMacs) and advanced devices whose price will not exceed the existing ones but at least maintain it. Still, experts, claim that in case Apple produced such products, there demand would be so high that the price could possibly rise. However, Apple must protect intellectual property so as to give the firm credit and some leverage in the market for the particular products. It should be mentioned, that, Apple and Microsoft are constantly in and out the courtrooms over the intellectual property rights of the Macintosh. If Apple had taken this into consideration, perhaps, it would still be the dominant power and Microsoft would not have been able to catch up.

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John Miller in one of his articles mentions that "a company needs the ability to quickly respond to industry trends and market demographics in order to be successful". It is obvious, that Apple failed to respond to the market trends on time and lost plenty of opportunities to place itself in a better position in the market.

DECISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As the time for decision and recommendations has approached it ought to be highlighted that no specific course of action can be characterized right or wrong. In many cases it is a matter of taking risks and many the risk taker be right.

To begin with, Apple should not become completely compatible with the Windows but should up to a certain extent create programs that will be easy to use with the Windows. On the one hand, Apple must not loose its brand name and the trust of the consumers by utterly changing its image and products. Users chose this type of operating system because of its uniqueness and they are acquainted with its functioning. If altered they will suddenly be faced with a different processor that they will not know how to operate.

On the other hand, Apple is not obliged to change completely. What must be done is a creation of microchip that will allow users to exchange files easily and work with a Windows PC. Nevertheless, when Apple attempted to do so, Microsoft came out with a new idea and did not make their computers interoperable with the Macs forcing users to buy a device and follow a time consuming process in order to read their files. In fact, what Microsoft did was to enhance its domination in the market. From the above-mentioned facts, it can be made clear that there is no "best thing to do" when referring to compatibility.

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Secondly, Apple should focus on the advanced designs of its products. Apple by continuously improving it products, managed to keep its users in the field of home entertainment, education and multimedia markets. The company recently came out with a new product called the Rhapsody has managed to increase sales and gain consumers preference.

Thirdly, Apple should consider licensing or partnering. Up until today, Apple tried to avoid licensing and the results were not good. When Apple was given the chance to have Microsoft as a partner, managers wanted to ensure the quality of their own system and dropped the opportunity. When Apple realized the need for help, it was too late. Their company was already in trouble and the licensing strategies they began were not proved successful. Currently, Apple is collaborating with IBM and Motorola and little by little the Business is standing on its feet again. Apple must cooperate with Wintel for the production of the best computers. From the marketing point of view it is a great challenge and it seems to be working.

Furthermore, Apple should pay more attention on its existing costumers. Apple has begun losing a respectful percentage of its users. Although it has succeeded in getting students all over the world familiar with its operating system it doesn't seem able to keep them after their career as students. They seem to be far more interested in obtaining a Microsoft computer. Apple must allow marketers to do their job in attracting students and persuading them to keep using a Macintosh computer. Because keeping a customer is easier than creating a new one, this strategic will prove useful for Apple as it will save the corporation from spending money in trying to attract customers.

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As a continuation from the above, Apple should by all means advertise its brand name and gain recognition. Advertising is important to the success of a good product, especially where competition is very high. It is a way to present consumers the benefits of acquiring a certain product, helps with brand name and product name recognition and builds an image. Even though Apple has a good brand name and has gained recognition from that, it still receives plenty of bad reputation due to the media and the press who keep stressing the company's struggle for survival. At this point, Apple needs advertising in order to present a better image of itself in the public and regain the faith of the customers.

As a final point, Apple should take good care of the prices. Apple should take into consideration the issue of pricing especially now that is planning on entering the market with new products. Because of the high prices of the Macs, subsidized pricing must be applied. This will make product prices comparable to those of the PCs and the company will see higher sales.

CONCLUSION

The PC market is constantly developing and Apple is introducing the market with new products. Apple made us realize how competitive the market is and that a company with no real and strong strategic methods will very easy be troubled. Many wrong business decisions made by Apple hade actually caused potential customers to seek different kinds of PCs and network programs.

Please note that this sample paper on microsoft vs ibm is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on microsoft vs ibm, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on microsoft vs ibm will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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